<p>Trillium Lake is a lake situated 7.5 mi south-southwest of Mount Hood in the USA state of Oregon. It is formed by a dam at the headwaters of Mud Creek, tributary to the Salmon River. It was created by the state Department of Fish and Wildlife in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The area which is now the lake was part of the Barlow Road, a component of the Oregon Trail. A log road across marshes allowed immigrants to pass to Summit Meadow, which was a toll station 1866—1870. Trillium is a genus of flowers particularly noticeable in the area.</p><br>
<p>The lake is popular for fishing, camping and photography, often clearly reflecting Mount Hood. Adjacent Trillium Lake Campground is administered by the Zigzag Ranger District of the Mount Hood National Forest. The large campground features a seasonal boat ramp and wheelchair-accessible floating dock. The lake is a very popular Nordic skiing destination from a trailhead across USA Route 26 from Snow Bunny. Some resources note its popularity on afternoons and weekends.</p><br>
<p>Ponta do Leme Velho  is a headland on the southeast coast of the island of Sal, Cape Verde. It is about 2 km east of the town of Santa Maria.</p><br>
<p>Its geography consists of barren grasslands and rocky shorelines, along with the town, it is the only part of the southernmost portion of the peninsula where there are no sand dunes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the Ice Age, the promontory was located nearly 1 km southeast from its current location. About 20,000 years ago, the shoreline was approximate 2 km northwest from the shoreline at the mid-Ice Age, marine abrasion enlarged a bit of the island later.</p><br>
<p>On July 30, 21 BC, an annular eclipse took place, its greatest eclipse was more than 35-40 Roman miles (50 km) east from the point at 16.6 N, 22.4 W and occurred at 16:27:14 UTC (15:27 local time), its width was 95 Roman miles (144 km wide).</p><br>
<p>Along with the whole island, the area was first recordedly explored on December 3, 1460.</p><br>
<p>The peninsular area wasn&#39;t started urbanization until the 1990s, a large population growth and a rise in tourism has houses and buildings in the west together with resorts and villas. The Estrada de Ponta do Leme Velho, a track exists and urbanization and touristic development did not reach the promontory.</p><br>
<p>Barlow Pass is a 4,155 ft mountain pass in the Cascades in Oregon, on the Oregon Trail, and a major milestone of the Barlow Road. It is the crest of the Cascade Mountains: the dividing line between watersheds of the Deschutes River and those that flow into the Sandy River.</p><br>
<p>It is located on the southern flanks of Mount Hood and traversed by Oregon Route 35. Highway 35 and the Barlow Road converge to within 400 ft (125 m) at the pass. Originally a "rustic and scenic" summer road, Highway 35 was straightened and widened throughout 1964–1968 for practical winter road maintenance. Sharp turns were eliminated and elevation changes more graduated, unlike the Barlow Road, which sharply descends westward at the foot of the pass. The Barlow Road route is popular for cross country skiing,</p><br>
<p>and the pass is a trailhead to the Pacific Crest Trail, which runs north and south across the pass.</p><br>
<p>Stone Arthur is a fell in the English Lake District, an outlier of the Fairfield group in the Eastern Fells. It stands above Grasmere village.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Stone Arthur is properly the south western ridge of Great Rigg, but was given the status of a separate fell by Alfred Wainwright in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells and that convention is followed here. His decision was based on it having a summit tor with"a short wall of rock like a ruined castle.". This outcrop appears particularly impressive from Grasmere village, from where the higher fells are hidden.</p><br>
<p>From the top of Great Rigg the main ridge ploughs on due south, descending over the tops of Heron Pike and Nab Scar and carrying the ever popular Fairfield horseshoe walk. A second shorter ridge descends steadily to the south west over gradually roughening ground, until after three quarters of a mile a rock outcrop is thrust up. This is Arthur&#39;s Chair and the ridge upon which it stands is Stone Arthur. Prominence is negligible, and other than the low outcrop itself, the "summit" is merely the point at which the gradient steepens markedly.</p><br>
<p>Between Stone Arthur and Heron Pike is the little valley of Greenhead Gill. This bears evidence of former mining activities, beginning at around 600 ft above sea level with a trial. Further up the fellside are the remains of Grasmere Lead Mine. This was operated by the Mines Royal between 1564 and 1573 and there are several levels and shafts around the 1,000 ft contour.</p><br>
<p>To the north west of Stone Arthur is the valley of Tongue Gill, separating it from the lower slopes of Seat Sandal. This side of the ridge is craggy with the main features being Brackenwife Knotts and Rigg Crags. Both Tongue and Greenhead Gills are tributaries of the River Rothay, which passes through Grasmere village to the lake of Grasmere. The lower slopes have been planted with areas of woodland.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit tor is an example of the pebbly sandstone and breccia of the Pavey Ark Member.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Stone Arthur is difficult to locate exactly amongst the upthrust rocks of Arthur&#39;s Chair. The view is excellent, particularly over Grasmere with Easedale Tarn showing across the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Stone Arthur can be climbed directly up the steep ridge from the village, although the depth of bracken combined with the gradient do not make the prospect particularly alluring. The summit can also be reached from either side of the ridge. Beginning at Mill Bridge, Tongue Gill can be followed until the footbridge, before making a pathless ascent on grass. From Grasmere, Greenhead Gill also provides access, climbing until a contouring traverse to the summit can be made.</p><br>
<p>The Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius refers to a Plinian-type eruption that occurred in the 2nd millennium BC and is estimated to have had a VEI of 6. It is the source of the Avellino Pumice  deposits named from the comune of Avellino in Campania where they have been found extensively.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics of the eruption</h2><br>
<p>"Assessment of volcanological factors" in one scientific study reconstruct a minimum eruption time of 3 hours in which an initial explosion raised a column of 23 km and deposited about 0.32 km of white pumice ("the white pumice phase"), while a second, more intense explosion raised a column of 31 km depositing 1.25 km of grey pumice ("the grey pumice phase"). These pumices appearing in Apulian pottery can be used to establish relative chronology of pottery phases.</p><br>
<p>A 2008 study of the lithofacies (deposits from the eruption) distinguishes three phases. Pyroclastic flows (PDCs) of Phases 1 and 2 were generated by "magmatic fragmentation" and had "small dispersal areas" mainly on the slopes of Vesuvius. Phase 3 was created by "phreatomagmatic fragmentation," in which clastic fragments are driven by superheated steam from ground water mixed with the other gases released from the magma. The authors characterize Phase 3 as "the most voluminous and widespread in the whole of Somma-Vesuvius eruptive history." Some facies a few cm thick were found 25 km from the source. The vent was 2 km west of today&#39;s center.</p><br>
<p>The overall results of the Avellino Eruption were catastrophic and widespread. The deposit thickness of ash and other eruptive material ranges from 15m close to the vent to 50 cm around Avellino, as well as creating a subaquaeous debris-flow in the bay of Naples.</p><br>
<h2>Date of the eruption</h2><br>
<p>The date of the Avellino eruption remains to be determined with a precision greater than about 500 years within the framework of the Early/Middle Bronze Age. A range of 2000–1500 BC includes the great majority of estimates. Ample opportunity to obtain Carbon-14 dates from charcoal and soil buried under the deposits has existed and still exists. Sporadic radiocarbon dating continues, with each scientist claiming to have obtained "the latest". Consistency with previous and subsequent work remains elusive. Since a real and very precise calendar date of the eruption must have existed, variation in estimations can only be the result of limitations to the carbon-dating method, which, given a plenitude of reliably emplaced samples, can only produce a date within a window of roughly 500 years in a maximum elapsed time of roughly 4000 years or (12.5%).</p><br>
<p>According to Giardino the problem of establishing a reliable date results from the differences of calibrating on the one hand organic samples (such as charcoal: 1880–1680BC) and on the other had soil facies (1684–1535 BC). He prefers the earlier as the more reliable date. The Avellino Eruption separates archaeologically the Early Bronze Age in Campania from the Middle Bronze Age</p><br>
<p>A study published in 1990 by Vogel and others suggested that the Avellino eruption was responsible in part for the climatic disturbances of the 1620s BC. The latter were verified by tree-ring series and ice-core layers. The authors had just obtained carbon dates of 3360±40 BP, or 1617–1703 calibrated BC. They were suggesting a coincidence of a number of eruptions, such as the Minoan eruption on Santorini. The hypothesis remains unverifiable a generation later, due to the overall imprecision of the dates.</p><br>
<h2>The Nola bronze-age village</h2><br>
<p>The eruption destroyed several Bronze Age settlements. The remarkably well-preserved remains of one were discovered in May 2001 at Croce del Papa near Nola by Italian archaeologists, with huts, pots, livestock and even the footprints of animals and people, as well as skeletons. The residents had hastily abandoned the village, leaving it to be buried under pumice and ash in much the same way Pompeii was later preserved.</p><br>
<p>The South Omaha Veterans Memorial Bridge  was a continuous warren through truss bridge over the Missouri River connecting Omaha, Nebraska with Council Bluffs, Iowa via USA Highway 275.</p><br>
<p>Omaha floated a $2 million bond issue for the bridge in 1931. However, when the bonds did not sell, the Omaha Bridge Commission was formed to secure financing from the Public Works Administration. The initial design by the Kansas City architects Ash, Howard, Needles and Tammen called for the bridge to have seven spans. However, when the War Department announced plans to reroute the river channel, the design was changed to two 525 ft, continuously supported, Warren through spans and a series of Warren deck truss approach spans.</p><br>
<p>It was built by the Kansas City Bridge Company opening on January 18, 1936. It is 22.2 ft wide and 2,126 ft long. The piers were initially on dry land, since the river had not been rerouted. Tolls on the bridge were discontinued on September 25, 1947.</p><br>
<p>The bridge provided a much-needed direct route across the Missouri River to the Omaha Stockyards for livestock delivery trucks. Before the South Omaha Bridge was built trucks had to cross the Douglas Street Bridge and drive through downtown Omaha to reach the packinghouse district.</p><br>
<p>Although listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, the bridge was torn down so a new four-lane girder bridge could be constructed with a target opening date in 2010. The old bridge was 4,378 ft long and provided a clear roadway width of only 22 ft. In November 2006 Nebraska placed a 5-ton vehicle limit on the bridge. On June 11, 2008, an additional height restriction requiring vehicles to be under 8 ft was imposed. On September 8, 2009, at 9 am CDT, the bridge closed so that the new bridge&#39;s construction could continue. The original bridge was completely demolished by March 2010 and removed from the NRHP in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The new bridge opened May 28, 2010. It provides for four 12 ft and a 4 ft with 10 ft and a 10 ft. The new bridge is 4,300 ft long and 87 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>Tepe Gawra  is an ancient Mesopotamian settlement located in the Mosul region of northwest Iraq, that was occupied between 5000 and 1500 BC. It contains the remains from the Halaf period, then the Ubaid period, and then from the Uruk period . Tepe Gawra is one of the few sites that contain material relating to the Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period c. 5,500-5,000 BC.</p><br>
<p>Tell Arpachiyah is also a contemporary neolithic site nearby.</p><br>
<h2>History of archaeological research</h2><br>
<p>A brief exploratory dig was performed by Austen Layard before 1850. The site was formally excavated in 1927, 1931 and 1932 for a total of 8 months by archaeologists from a joint expedition of the University of Pennsylvania and the American Schools of Oriental Research, led by Ephraim Avigdor Speiser.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, Mitchell Rothman reanalyzed the data from previous excavations, that did not use precise stratigraphic techniques. He considerably clarified the stratigraphy of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Tepe Gawra and its environment</h2><br>
<p>Tepe Gawra lies near the ancient site of Nineveh, 2 mi from Khorsabad and 15 mi northeast of the modern city of Mosul. The tell or settlement mound at Tepe Gawra is 120 m in diameter and 22 m high.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation history</h2><br>
<p>Excavations at Tepe Gawri revealed 16 levels showing that the Tepe Gawra site was occupied from approximately 5000 BC to 1500 BC. They include the earliest known temple to be decorated with pilasters and recesses. The Gawra Period (3500–2900 BC) is named for the site.</p><br>
<h2>Earliest use of gold</h2><br>
<p>According to Daniel Potts, the earliest evidence for gold or electrum use in the Near East comes from Ur and Tepe Gawra; a few small artifacts, such as wire and beads, have been found at these sites. At Tepe Gawra, the use of gold/electrum continued into the Early Dynastic period, starting about 2900 BC.</p><br>
<p>Several objects from levels XII-VIII (mid-fourth to early third millennium BC) at Tepe Gawra were made of arsenical copper, which is quite early for Mesopotamia. Similar objects are also found in Fara (Shuruppak), also dating from Jamdat Nasr period.</p><br>
<p>Aizkorri or Aitzgorri  is a massif, the highest one of the Basque Autonomous Community  with 1,551 m AMSL at its highest point . The massif is formed by a crest of limestone summits aligned north-west to south-east all in a row at the south of the province of Gipuzkoa, namely Artzanburu, Andreaitz, Arbelaitz , Iraule , Aitxuri, Aketegi  and Aizkorri . Despite its slightly lower height, this summit is the most popular one. The Aizkorri massif is one of the most conspicuous geological formations on the Basque Mountains range.</p><br>
<p>The mountain range is delimited at either end by the Biozkornia and San Adrian passes. On the one end the massif stretches west to the Aloña massif, on the other one to the Altzania massif (highest summit Aratz). The major Madrid-Irun railway cuts its way through the northern steep slopes of the mountain range, with two train stops, i.e. Otzaurte and Zegama Apeadero hardly operating any longer.</p><br>
<h2>Access points</h2><br>
<p>Nowadays, Zegama Apeadero is well known for providing access to one hard northern trail mounting up rather straight to a central pass by Andreaitz. The initial mud track going up west (PR-GI 70) peters out into a narrow trail at a major crossroads (col of Intzuzaeta) after taking a turn south-west. Signals are abandoned and the trail penetrates straight into an open beech forest, where traces of the trail can go almost unnoticed. At the final stage of the ascension, the path winds up. At this point, autochthonous forest and steep slopes are left behind, yielding to a distinctive karst and grazing landscape.</p><br>
<p>Yet the main ascension route comes from the south-west, from the Sanctuary of Arantzazu (Oñati), where a beaten trail goes up through a thick forest of beeches and ends at the Urbia meadows. From there, the route climbs up to the summits (Aizkorri, Aketegi, Aitxuri and others). Way-marking will be easily found.</p><br>
<p>Another access point lies on the east at the San Adrian tunnel and the Medieval road crossing it. At the southern exit of the tunnel, after a 50-metre walk, from a clearing a trail penetrates almost unnoticed up the forest on the right, so beginning a 30-odd minute uphill struggle (not in vain is it dubbed Kalbario Bidea, Calvary Trail) with loose pebbles all along. At this point, an opening affords a beautiful view onto the north and the trail cuts along the verge of several limestone cliffs on its way north-west. In another 30 minutes, the Aizkorri summit may be attained. A stark refuge hut (built 1934 as a shelter for shepherds and hikers) and the Santo Cristo hermitage lie by the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The Zegama-Aizkorri Marathon, a popular cross-country endurance race, takes place in spring along a loop circuit around the Aizkorri massif (sometimes including Aratz).</p><br>
<p>Adding to the appeal of the range, the whole Aizkorri and Aratz area was declared the Aizkorri-Aratz Natural Park in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Lac Le Jeune is a lake and provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located approximately 37 kilometres south of Kamloops or 47 kilometres north of Merritt.</p><br>
<p>The lake is located within Lac Le Jeune Provincial Park, a 213-hectare provincial park run by the British Columbia Ministry of the Environment, and is a popular fishing spot for "fighting" Rainbow Trout, which was established in 1956. It is a summer holiday spot with 144 campgrounds and the Lac Le Jeune Resort.</p><br>
<p>The lake has had several names including "Batchelor", "Chuhwels", and "Le Jeune Lake". The current name was adopted in 1956, and commemorates Father Jean-Marie-Raphaël Le Jeune, a French Catholic priest who spent much of his life in the region.</p><br>
<p>Diamond Peak is a shield volcano in southwest Oregon and is part of the Cascade Range. The mountain is located near Willamette Pass in the Diamond Peak Wilderness within the Willamette National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Composed of 15 km3 of basaltic andesite, the volcano is older than the last ice age but probably younger than 100,000 years. It first began erupting from its northern summit and then from a new vent a little to the south, which is now the primary peak. The mountain has several cirques from glacial erosion. It lies directly on the Cascade Crest and therefore receives a heavy snow pack. Snow fields on the northern side may have been glaciers as recently as 100 years ago.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Macy and John Diamond climbed Diamond Peak in July 1852. These two men were part of a preliminary survey party known as the "Road Viewers." They climbed the peak in order to plan a road that later became known as the Free Emigrant Road. They named the peak for Diamond, who was a pioneer from Eugene. The road was completed in late September 1853, only days before some 1,027 people with 250 wagons arrived at the Deschutes River at what is now Bend. These emigrants, known as the "Lost Wagon Train of 1853," were following Elijah Elliott through the central Oregon high desert on what became known as the Elliott Cutoff. It took time to locate the road because it was 30 mi upstream on the Deschutes. The road led them to Emigrant Pass by Summit Lake and then down the western side of the pass. In mid-October the emigrants were discovered on the Middle Fork Willamette River by the settlers of the upper Willamette Valley and a large rescue operation was launched to help the emigrants reach the settlements. This emigration doubled the population of Lane County.</p><br>
<p>Nab Scar is a fell in the English Lake District, an outlier of the Fairfield group in the Eastern Fells. It stands above Rydal Water.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Nab Scar is properly the steep terminal face of the southern ridge of Heron Pike, but the name is also given to the whole of the ridge south of Lord Crag. Alfred Wainwright gave it the status of a separate fell in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells and that convention is followed here.</p><br>
<p>The popular Fairfield horseshoe ridge walk either begins or ends with Nab Scar, consensus never having been achieved on the "correct" direction of travel. This route also takes in the additional Wainwrights of Heron Pike, Great Rigg, Fairfield, Hart Crag, Dove Crag, High Pike and Low Pike in a circuit of Rydale.</p><br>
<p>From the double summit of Heron Pike, a grassy ridge descends south westerly, gradually narrowing until a rougher section falls more steeply at Lord Crag. Beyond here it levels out, curving back a little to the east and passing over a couple of low mounds. The second of these is taken as the summit of Nab Scar. A few hundred yards further on is the scar itself, dropping steeply to the lake with woodland on the lower slopes. On the shore of the lake below the fell is Nab Cottage, past home to various of the Lake Poets. To the west is the little valley of Dunney Beck, separating Nab Scar from a low south western rigg running down from Heron Pike to Town End and the River Rothay. The eastern boundary of Nab Scar is the long, quiet valley of Rydale. All of these waters ultimately meet a Rydal village before turning south for Windermere.</p><br>
<p>A little to the west of the summit is Dockey Tarn, one of the smallest such bodies of water to be named on Ordnance Survey maps. This shallow, rocky bottomed pool has a fine colony of water starwort.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Nab Scar bears a large cairn. The view westwards is extensive, with the Central Fells seen to particular effect.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The main route of ascent is via the recently repaired path up the ridge from Rydal village. A start can also be made from White Moss car park, climbing up Dunney Beck towards Alcock Tarn before swinging east onto the ridge.</p><br>
<p>Knocknafenaig  is a ruined township on the Isle of Mull, Scotland.</p><br>
<p>Located in the south-western portion of the island known as the Ross of Mull, Knocknafenaig is an extremely well preserved township that shows many characteristics of the 19th-century and early 20th-century living conditions. Although it is believed to have had medieval settlements, almost no evidence remains of these due to their organic nature. Among the many ruins is a well preserved corn-drying kiln and house, known as Braigh. The Braigh is the last remaining thatched building in the Ross of Mull and was inhabited until the mid-1980s.</p><br>
<p>The name Cnoc na Fennaig translates as "Hill of the Lazybeds" (this being a reference to the type of cultivation used throughout the area).</p><br>
<p>In 1779 the township had a population of 70. After the Highland Clearances and the Potato Famine in the mid-19th century the township became increasingly deserted. After World War I Knocknafenaig was divided into six crofts for returning servicemen. Eventually the six crofts were combined to become Ardachy Farm.</p><br>
<p>Twin Maples is an estate in Summit, Union County, New Jersey, United States, listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places. Twin Maples was built in 1908, designed by a well-known New York and Montclair architect, Alfred F. Norris, who designed the home in the neoclassical style with a facade dominated by a full-height porch, supported by classical columns.</p><br>
<p>Twin Maples was purchased by the Fortnightly Club in 1949 and remains the home of the Fortnightly Club (established 1893), as well as the Summit Junior Fortnightly Club, both 501(c)3 charitable organizations. In 2007, the two clubs joined together to renovate historic Twin Maples and opened her doors to area charities for their fundraising events and meetings at suitably low rates.</p><br>
<p>Inya Lake  is the largest lake in Yangon, Burma , a popular recreational area for Yangonites, and a famous location for romance in popular culture. Located 6 miles  north of downtown Yangon, Inya Lake is bounded by Parami Road on the north, Pyay Road on the west, Inya Road on the southwest, University Avenue on the south, and Kaba Aye Pagoda Road on the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Inya Lake is an artificial lake created by the British as a water reservoir between 1882 and 1883 in order to provide a water supply to Yangon. The lake was formed by joining small hills that surrounded creeks which formed during the monsoon season. A series of pipes and cables distributes water from Inya Lake to Kandawgyi Lake near downtown Yangon.</p><br>
<p>The Second Far East Regional Scout Conference was hosted by the University of Rangoon in 1960, with the First Far East Professional Scouters Training Conference held at Inyale Camp on Inya Lake as an ancillary event.</p><br>
<p>On 16 March 1988, following the killing of two students during the pro-democracy demonstrations, students marching on Prome Road (now Pyay Road) were confronted near Inya Lake by the Lon Htein security force riot police and many beaten to death or drowned.</p><br>
<p>On 4 May 2009, the American citizen John William Yettaw trespassed upon the shoreline residence of Burmese political prisoner Aung San Suu Kyi, at the time under house arrest. This was two weeks before her scheduled release on May 27. They were both arrested after the incident.</p><br>
<h2>Exclusive area</h2><br>
<p>The area surrounding Inya Lake is one of the most exclusive neighborhoods in Yangon. Except for a public park on the southwestern bank by Yangon University, much of the shoreline is some of the most expensive private property in the country. Lakefront properties include residences of Aung San Suu Kyi, the late strongman Ne Win, and the United States ambassador.</p><br>
<p>Public access to the lake is available through Kaba Aye Pagoda Road, and most popularly, through Inya Road and Pyay Road, next to Yangon University. It takes about two hours to circle the lake on foot.</p><br>
<h2>Inya Lake Park</h2><br>
<p>Located next to Yangon University, the 37-acre (15-hectare) park is most well known as a romantic dating area for the university students, and is chronicled many times over in Burmese popular culture (novels, movies, songs, etc.) Activities available to visitors include sailing and rowing. Yangon&#39;s premier sailing club is based on the lake.</p><br>
<p>Glenridding Dodd  is a small fell in the English Lake District, at the end of a ridge descending from the Helvellyn range in the Eastern Fells. It stands above the village of Glenridding and on the western shore of Ullswater. Although small and not of great elevation, its top is a fine viewpoint for Ullswater and for the fells clustered round the valleys above Patterdale.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Glenridding Dodd is the final subsidiary top on the east ridge of Stybarrow Dodd. It takes the form of a short east-west ridge above the village of Glenridding. To the east the ridge falls steeply and terminates in the precipitous rock face of Stybarrow Crag beside the A592 road on the shore of Ullswater. To the west a col separates it from the south-east ridge of Sheffield Pike. To the north it is bounded by Mossdale Beck, and to the south by the village of Glenridding, and Glenridding Beck. The lower slopes on the south and east sides are wooded with deciduous trees (the Stybarrow Oaks), and on the north side larch trees reach almost to the summit</p><br>
<p>Glenridding Dodd is a small fell measuring only 1 km in length and less than that in width, and its highest point rises to only 442 m. Yet it is a fine viewpoint over Ullswater, nearly 300 m below.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top of Glenridding Dodd is a short ridge, with patches of heather, rocky knolls and marshy hollows. Beyond Glenridding are the claw-shaped end of Birkhouse Moor, and Keldas, its subsidiary top closer to the lake. Further south, the fells clustered around the valleys above Patterdale are seen.</p><br>
<p>A stone boundary marker, just west of the summit, is inscribed with the letters M (on the side facing Glenridding) and H (on the side facing Glencoyne). This marked the boundary between the lands of the Marshall family of Patterdale and the Howard family of Greystoke.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Much of the land above the village of Glenridding, including the Stybarrow Oaks, is privately owned, but above the wall the fell is Open Access land.</p><br>
<p>Ascents can begin from Glenridding, with its large pay-and-display car park, up the path known as The Rake, or from the lay-by on the A592 road immediately north of Stybarrow Crag, beside Mossdale Beck. Both paths meet at the wall across the col to the west of the summit. A short climb from here leads to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Wainwright noted that it had once been a much more popular ascent for the sake of its views, but that old paths had become overgrown and neglected in his day.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The rocks of Glenridding Dodd are all part of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, formed on the margin of an ancient continent during a period of intense volcanic activity, roughly 450 million years ago in the Ordovician Period.</p><br>
<p>All the rocks on the fell belong to the Birker Fell Andesite Formation. This was formed predominantly by eruptions of mobile andesitic lava from shallow-sided volcanoes. These rocks are part of a thick succession of lava sheets found around the western and northern sides of the Lake District.</p><br>
<p>Among these andesitic lavas were some small quantities of dacitic lavas, formed when more viscous (more silica-rich) magma was erupted. Such dacitic rock is found on the lower parts of the southern and eastern slopes of the fell (but not including Stybarrow Crag).</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>The name Glenridding Dodd is recorded from 1823 onwards. Glenridding is probably the valley full of bracken, from Cumbric glinn (or possibly Irish Gaelic gleann), glen, valley and the Cumbric equivalent of the Welsh rhedyn, fern, bracken. Dod or dodd is a dialect word of unknown origin, but common in hill names in the Lake District and the Scottish Borders for bare rounded summits, either free standing or subsidiary shoulders to higher neighbours.</p><br>
<p>Mossdale is boggy valley from the dialect word moss (from Old Norse mosi or Old English mos), bog, and the dialect word dale (from Old Norse dalr), valley.</p><br>
<p>The Rake is the track from the dialect word rake, track. This is used elsewhere in the Lake District for a narrow path on a hill.</p><br>
<p>Bleas Crag may be the dark crag from the dialect work blea (from Old Norse blár), dark, plus crag.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Arnison Crag is a fell in the English Lake District, an outlier of the Fairfield group in the Eastern Fells. It looks down on Patterdale village and the upper reach of Ullswater.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Although properly a northeastern ridge of Birks and having little topographical prominence, Arnison Crag was classed as a separate fell by Alfred Wainwright in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. That convention is followed here. In support of his decision he referred to it as ‘a low hill with a summit worthy of a mountain’.</p><br>
<p>Birks, which is itself a satellite of St Sunday Crag, resides on a southwest to northeast ridge. Below the summit and about halfway down the main slope, a level spur juts out eastward and then curves around to the north to run parallel with Birks. At the far end of this subsidiary ridge is the rocky summit of Arnison Crag. The slight col where the Arnison Crag ridge connects to the flank of Birks is Trough Head.</p><br>
<p>To the east of Arnison Crag is the lower portion of Deepdale and the settlement of Bridgend. This flank is rough and includes Aiken Crag and the face of Arnison Crag itself, just below the summit. To the west, separating the fell from the main ridge of Birks, is Hag Beck. This flows northward from Trough Head, passing through the woods of Glenamara Park before issuing into Grisedale Beck just above the main road. Glenamara Park was once a deer park and now contains much broadleaved woodland. Its retaining wall is still largely intact.</p><br>
<p>The ridge from Trough Head to Arnison Crag is fairly level and passes over a series of knolls. One of these- about halfway along- is the true summit, being 433 m high. Wainwright and later guidebook writers have chosen to ignore this top because it is grassy and too far back to give an adequate view. This is one of the many reasons why Wainwrights are a subjective hill list, in contrast to the more numerically based Hewitts or Marilyns. North of the summit, the ground drops steeply over two tiers of rock outcrop, the lower one being Oxford Crag. Arnison Crag meets the valley floor directly behind Patterdale village.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>There is evidence of former mining activity on the Deepdale slopes of Arnison Crag. Two levels were worked for haematite just above Deepdale Hall. Geologically the summit of the fell is andesite, with the underlying Deepdale Formation of volcaniclastic sandstone revealed on the north western face.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit is a low rock tower, attractively seen from the surrounding valleys. There is only a very small cairn due to the lack of available stone. The view is largely restricted by higher fells, but with the Fairfield and High Street fells well seen.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Ascents can be made from Patterdale village, either direct up the nose of the ridge, or by curving round to the west and following the Glenamara Park wall. Trough Head can also be reached from either Deepdale or Hag Beck, providing an approach from behind the summit. Arnison Crag is often climbed as the first part of the ascent of St Sunday Crag. From here the walker can either circuit Deepdale via Fairfield, Hart Crag and Hartsop above How or swing north around Grisedale, taking in Dollywaggon Pike, Nethermost Pike and Helvellyn.</p><br>
<p>Ling Fell is a small hill in the north west of the Lake District in the United Kingdom. It is close to the village of Wythop Mill, from where it can easily be climbed. The fell is shaped like a wide dome, with no particular dangers. Its name derives from the fact that it is largely covered in heather, also known as "ling". The summit has good views of the town of Cockermouth.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The North Western Fells occupy the area between the rivers Derwent and Cocker, a broadly oval swathe of hilly country, elongated on a north-south axis. Two roads cross from east to west, dividing the fells into three convenient groups. The most northerly sector, rising between Whinlatter Pass and the Vale of Embleton, includes Ling Fell.</p><br>
<p>Ling Fell and its near twin companion to the east, Sale Fell, are the final hills with any lakeland character in the north west of the district. Continuing northward across the Vale of Embleton is a final group of very low tops on either side of the Derwent Valley which are ignored by most guidebooks and hill lists.</p><br>
<p>Guidebook writer Alfred Wainwright devoted a chapter to Ling Fell in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. He described it as "an isolated rounded hill...it&#39;s unattractive appearance on all sides being accentuated by a dark covering of heather that makes it look gloomy and sulky even on the sunniest of days."</p><br>
<p>To the south of Ling Fell is the morass of Wythop Moss, and beyond this is a ridge of fells running east to west. These are Lord&#39;s Seat, Broom Fell and Graystones and they block all drainage in this direction. The basin of Wythop Moss therefore empties slowly via Tom Rudd Beck around the western flanks of Ling Fell.</p><br>
<p>Ling Fell and Sale Fell, despite standing side by side, have no topographical connection. Ling Fells parent is Broom Fell, while Sale Fell is an outlier of Lords Seat. They are separated by the stream of Wythop Beck which drains a catchment to the east. The two fells act as portals to this shy valley as it descends into the Vale of Embleton.</p><br>
<p>Ling Fell has no forestry, and the remains of grouse butts demonstrate its former use for country sports.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The mound of Ling Fell is predominantly composed of Ordovician rocks of the Loweswater Formation. This consists of greywacke sandstone turbidities. The southern flanks are of the laminated mudstone and siltstone of the Kirk Stile Formation. There is also a small intrusion of dolerite on the northern side.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the fell is smooth and rounded, the highest point marked by an Ordnance Survey triangulation column. The view southwards is cut off by the higher Broom Fell, although the Skiddaw and Grasmoor fells are well seen. The best of the panorama is northwards to the Solway Firth and the hills of Galloway in Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The village of Wythop Mill is nearby to the north. From here the road can be followed up the narrow wooded valley between Ling and Sale Fell. Half a mile up, a good path breaks right onto the slopes of Ling Fell. After taking a contouring course around the northern flanks of the fell a direct line can be taken to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Fort Washington was a fortified position near the north end of Manhattan Island  and was located at the highest point on the island. The Fort Washington Site is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<p>During George Washington&#39;s defense of New York, during the American Revolution, Fort Washington and Fort Lee (on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River) were created both to prevent the British from going up river and to provide a secure escape route. General Washington realized he would have to defend New York but did not think he could hold it against the British.</p><br>
<h2>Battle of Fort Washington</h2><br>
<p>Fort Washington was held by American forces under the command of Colonel Robert Magaw, who refused to surrender the fort to the British. He informed the British that he would fight to the last extremity.</p><br>
<p>In the Battle of Fort Washington, British General William Howe ordered the Hessian soldiers under Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen, and other British soldiers, totaling around 8,000 men, to capture the fort from the Patriots. They did so on November 16, 1776, taking 2,818 prisoners and a large store of supplies. The British renamed it Fort Knyphausen.</p><br>
<p>The English had been materially assisted by one of Magaw&#39;s officers, William Demont, who on November 2 had deserted and furnished Howe with detailed plans of the American works. The American losses were 53 killed and 96 wounded in addition to the rest of the garrison taken prisoner. The British and Hessian troops suffered 132 killed and 374 wounded. 2838 American troops were taken prisoner and marched through the streets of New York to the jeering and mockery of the pro-British populace. Most of the prisoners were interned in British ships in New York harbor, where they were deliberately starved, or died of disease and cold in the bitter winter. At the exchange a year later, only 800 had survived.</p><br>
<p>At this battle was Margaret Corbin of Virginia, who is recognized as the first female soldier to fight in the American Army. Married to John Corbin of the First Company of the Pennsylvania Artillery, Margaret cleaned, loaded and fired her husband’s cannon when he was killed during the assault on Fort Washington. Although severely injured, Margaret survived the battle but never fully recovered from her wounds, leaving her unable to use her left arm. She is at least one of the candidates as the woman, or women, who inspired the legend of Molly Pitcher.</p><br>
<h2>The site today</h2><br>
<p>The site of Fort Washington is now Bennett Park on Fort Washington Ave. between West 183rd and West 185th streets in the neighborhood of the Washington Heights section of New York City. The locations of the forts walls are marked in the park by stones, along with an inscription. Nearby is a tablet indicating that the schist outcropping is the highest natural point on Manhattan Island, one of the reasons for the forts location. Bennett Park is located a few blocks north of the George Washington Bridge. Along the banks of the Hudson River below the Henry Hudson Parkway is Fort Washington Park and the small point of land alternately called Jeffrey&#39;s Hook or Fort Washington Point, which is the site of the Little Red Lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>Lake Columbia is a small man-made lake in Columbia Township in southern Jackson County in the USA state of Michigan. Originally formed as a mill pond in 1836, it was expanded to 840 acre in 1961. At its greatest extent, the lake is 2 and 1/4 miles long and 1 and 3/4 miles wide. It has approximately 14 mi of shoreline and the water source to the lake is Goose Creek. The lake has an average depth of 18 ft. Lake Columbia is located 2 mi west of Brooklyn, Michigan. The latitude for the lake is 42.0928 and the longitude is -84.3011 with an elevation of 988 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Lake Columbia resides in the Columbia School District. Columbia schools offer a Pre-K through third grade school in Brooklyn called Columbia Lower Elementary(Formerly Brooklyn Elementary). Grades four through six are at Columbia Upper Elementary(formerly Columbia Middle School). Grades seven through twelve are at Columbia Central Junior-Senior High School(formerly Columbia Central High School) on Hewitt Road of Lake Columbia. Also has an alternative high school and adult education program at Columbia Options School which is located in Clark Lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Columbia is one of the many lakes in Jackson County that is entirely private. Yearly membership dues in the Lake Columbia Property Owners Association are required by residents of the lake. The lake has a total of 16 private parks. It also has 14 named shores where residents reside. It is a boaters and fishers paradise for local residents of the lake. Lake Columbia is stocked annually with Walleye or Bluegill fish. The fish population continues to grow in Lake Columbia every year.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Lake Columbia has a primary inflow from Goose Creek and a primary outflow from Goose Creek. Goose Creek mainly flows from east to west and flows into the Raisin River. The Raisin River connects Clark Lake, Vineyard Lake, Norvell Lake and Lake Columbia together by way of Goose Creek also. The drainage area of Lake Columbia is 25,000 Sq. Acres which drains into Jackson County and Hillsdale County, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The natural wildlife that surround and inhabit Lake Columbia are White Tail Deer, Walleye fish, Bluegill fish, Red Foxs, and Common Loons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prior to 1960</h3><br>
<p>In 1835, John H. and Broadhead Du Bois settled along Goose Creek about 2.4 mi west of Brooklyn with the intentions of using the small stream to power a set of mills. By 1836, with the dam completed and the mills in operation, the small village of Jefferson was platted. Soon after, a post office was opened and the name was changed to Columbia, as the name Jefferson had already been taken. The original village was located near the intersection of Jefferson Rd and Hewitt Rd, a portion of which was later rerouted when the lake was expanded.</p><br>
<h3>1960 to 1999</h3><br>
<p>In September 1960, after an intensive study by American Central Corporation of Lansing, Michigan, the people in the Lake Columbia area, which was then mostly farmland, were contacted and their farms purchased. The company was looking to sell attractive land around a private lake. Construction started in July 1961 on the earthen L-shaped dam that now stops the flow of Goose Creek. The dam is 950 ft long and 35 ft high with the head of water at 28 ft. It has a 225 ft long spillway made of 2,000 cubic yards of concrete and 200,000 pounds of reinforced steel. The mouth of the spillway is 50 ft in diameter. By early Autumn, the dam was completed and attention shifted to clearing the wooded portions of the basin. Flooding commenced on November 10, 1961 culminating in the 840 acre of water that make up the modern Lake Columbia.</p><br>
<h3>2000 to present</h3><br>
<p>Currently the association boasts more than 1,600 members. There are more than 700 lakefront homes, and nearly 650 more near the lake which are still considered part of the Lake Columbia Association. Homes around the lake range in price from $50,000 to over $1 million. The privacy of Lake Columbia is kept up through annual membership dues required every year. As of 2011, the membership dues are $360 for the first lot owned, and $40 for each additional lot.</p><br>
<p>Each year Lake Columbia offers many events around and on the lake. There are community-oriented events year-round, including fishing tournaments, an annual community-wide garage sale, a golf league, block parties and "trunk-or-treat" at Halloween. Wintertime activities include snowmobiling, ice hockey for kids, ice skating and ice fishing.</p><br>
<p>Lake Columbia also has one of the most spectacular Fourth of July fireworks displays around Jackson County. It is set up through the Lake Columbia Property Owners Association, and is funded through private donations and the LCPOA.</p><br>
<h2>Parks around Lake Columbia</h2><br>
<p>Private parks located around Lake Columbia:</p><br>
<p>Archwood - Located off Archwood Circle(off Somerset Dr.)</p><br>
<p>Bedford, East - Located off Bedford Dr.</p><br>
<p>Bedford, West - Located off Bedford Dr.</p><br>
<p>Castlewood - Located off Castlewood Dr.(off Wesch Rd.)</p><br>
<p>Claremont - Located off Claremont Circle</p><br>
<p>Donald - Located off Claremont Circle</p><br>
<p>Grand Pointe - Located off Grand Pointe Dr.</p><br>
<p>Hawthorne - Located at the end of Hawthorne / Waverly Ct</p><br>
<p>Hilltop - Located at end of Hilltop Ct.(off Nottingham)</p><br>
<p>Karen Court - Located off Somerset Dr.</p><br>
<p>Kelley - Located off Kelley Rd.</p><br>
<p>Nottingham - Located at the end of Nottingham</p><br>
<p>Princess - Located off Princess Dr.- across the channel from Archwood Park (off Somerset Dr)</p><br>
<p>Riviera - Located off Riviera Dr.(off Kelly Rd.)</p><br>
<p>Somerset - Located off Somerset Dr.(off Hayes Rd.)</p><br>
<p>Southern Shores - Located off Southern Shores Dr</p><br>
<h2>Local towns and areas</h2><br>
<p>Brooklyn (located east 1.7 mi) Population (2000) 1,176</p><br>
<p>Cement City (located southwest 0.8 mi) Population (2000) 452</p><br>
<p>Clark Lake (Jackson County, Michigan) - located north 1.4 mi</p><br>
<p>Jackson (located north approximately 12.9 mi) Population (2000) City: 36,316 - Metro Area: 163,629</p><br>
<p>Napoleon (located north east 4.8 mi) Population (2000) 1,254</p><br>
<h2>Local points of interest</h2><br>
<h3>Golf Courses</h3><br>
<p>Golf Courses, parks and many other recreational activities surround the lake and provide a person with things to do year round. Lake Columbia is located closely to the Irish Hills, Michigan International Speedway and the downtown area of Brooklyn. There are over 14 different challenging golf courses within 20 mi of Lake Columbia.</p><br>
<h3>State and local parks</h3><br>
<p>Clark Lake Park</p><br>
<p>Vineyard Lake County Park</p><br>
<p>Walter J. Hayes State Park</p><br>
<p>Cambridge Junction Historic St. Park</p><br>
<h3>Points of interest</h3><br>
<p>Michigan International Speedway</p><br>
<p>Hidden Lake Gardens</p><br>
<p>Irish Hills</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Church is a historic Episcopal church located on the corner of Third and Pine Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It opened for worship on September 4, 1761 and served as a place of worship for many of the United States Founding Fathers during the period of the Continental Congresses. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1996. The church remains an active parish, worshiping on Sundays at 9am and 11am. The current rector is the Rev. Claire Nevin-Field.</p><br>
<h2>Founding and erection</h2><br>
<p>By the mid-1750s, Philadelphia&#39;s Christ Church was becoming overcrowded. About 60 parishioners organized themselves into a committee, headed by Colonel Jacob Duché, Sr., to build a new church.</p><br>
<p>St. Peters was founded in 1758 in newly settled Society Hill with the first service held on September 4, 1761. The land used was donated in 1757 by Governor Thomas and Richard Penn, sons of William Penn. The Penn family coat of arms can be seen above the wine-glass pulpit and sounding board. St. Peters was designed by Scottish architect/builder Robert Smith, who designed other noted buildings of the day, among them Carpenters Hall and the tower of Christ Church in Philadelphia, and Nassau Hall at Princeton University. Much of the £5,000 expense needed to build St. Peters was raised by lottery.</p><br>
<h2>Early history and architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s and Christ Church were run jointly until 1832. William White, rector of both churches from 1779 until his death in 1836, was chaplain to the USA Congress during the Revolution, founder of the Episcopal Church of the United States in 1784, its first presiding bishop and first bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Most of the church remains as it was in the eighteenth century. Smith designed it in the mid-Georgian auditory style, with the classical lines and clear glass windows of the Age of Reason. The pulpit and lectern are set at the opposite end of the aisle from the altar, projecting into the congregation, in order to focus attention on the Word of God, a reflection of the religious thought of the day. The original high-backed box pews, including Mayor Samuel Powels box which George and Martha Washington often frequented, were designed to retain heat in winter. With the advent of central heating, many churches removed their box pews, but since St. Peters services are conducted at both ends of the church, the original arrangement has been kept.</p><br>
<p>Slaves and servants of members sat on hard benches at the west end of the gallery. One of these slaves, Absalom Jones, became a highly respected leader of the free black community of Philadelphia. Together with Richard Allen, he founded the Free African Society, a non-denominational group. Later he founded the first African-American Episcopal Church, the African Church of St. Thomas, in 1794. He was ordained as the first black Episcopal priest in 1804.</p><br>
<p>The tower and steeple, designed by renowned Philadelphia architect William Strickland, were added in 1842 to house a chime of eight bells, donated by Benjamin Chew Wilcocks and cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in London (which cast the Liberty Bell).</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Some of the notable people interred in St. Peter&#39;s churchyard include:</p><br>
<p>Charles Willson Peale</p><br>
<p>Commodore Stephen Decatur</p><br>
<p>Vice President George M. Dallas</p><br>
<p>Reverend Jacob Duché</p><br>
<p>John Nixon</p><br>
<p>Captain Gustavus Conyngham</p><br>
<p>Eliza Lucas Pinckney</p><br>
<p>Samuel Fraunces</p><br>
<p>Raynor Taylor</p><br>
<p>The chiefs of eight American Indian tribes, who died from Yellow fever while visiting Philadelphia in 1793 to meet with President George Washington, including:</p><br>
<p>Barkskin, Chief of the Penkishow Nation</p><br>
<p>La Gese, Chief of the Pottawatomie Nation</p><br>
<p>Apuatapea, Piankashaw War Chief</p><br>
<p>Bigigh Weautons, Wabash Nation War Chief</p><br>
<p>Toma, War Chief of the Pawaunia</p><br>
<p>Grand Joseph, Chief of the Veattonns Nation</p><br>
<p>Wapeteet, War Chief of Payagheya</p><br>
<p>Little Elk</p><br>
<p>The Rabideau CCC Camp was a Civilian Conservation Corps  camp in the Chippewa National Forest in northern Minnesota, United States. It is located off Beltrami County Highway 39, in Taylor Township, and is one of the best-preserved of the nation&#39;s many CCC camps. A National Historic Landmark, it now serves as an educational center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The camp was established in 1935 as a project of Franklin D. Roosevelt&#39;s New Deal program. The camp, one of 2650 nationwide, was home to about 300 men aged 17–21. Like most CCC camps, the Rabideau camp was established to provide work to those unemployed as a result of the Great Depression. Enrollees at the camp came mostly from Northern Minnesota and worked on projects within the Chippewa National Forest, such as building roads and other facilities, surveying, wildlife protection, and other forestry activities.</p><br>
<p>Like most other CCC projects, the Rabideau camp was built for temporary occupation. Most CCC camps were abandoned when the United States entered World War II, and most of them fell into disuse. The Rabideau camp survived because the University of Illinois used the buildings for its engineering and forestry schools between 1946 and 1972. Unfortunately, the buildings, being mostly prefabricated and having insubstantial foundations, continued to deteriorate. Thirteen of the original 25 buildings remain, including the mess hall, five barracks, three officers&#39; quarters, the recreation hall, the hospital, the laundry building, and the education building.</p><br>
<h2>Historic status</h2><br>
<p>In 1999, the United States Forest Service began a three-year effort to stabilize and restore the Education Building. A contractor placed a foundation under the building, replaced the roof, and repaired some floors and siding. Throughout the next two years, a staff of 26 volunteers from the Forest Service&#39;s Passport in Time program spent nearly 1000 hours with general interior repairs.</p><br>
<p>The camp was designated a National Historic Landmark on February 17, 2006, as one of the best surviving examples of a CCC camp focusing on forest management and conservation.</p><br>
<h2>Repurposing</h2><br>
<p>The camp was recently repurposed as the Rabideau Conservation Academy and Learning Center, a year-round learning center for children and young adults from Cass County and Beltrami County. The project was sponsored by the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe to provide learning opportunities, bolster self-confidence, and provide a path to jobs and higher education.</p><br>
<p>The Plummer House is the former residence of Dr. Henry Stanley Plummer and Daisy Berkman Plummer. Located in Rochester, Minnesota and originally called Quarry Hill, the English Tudor mansion stood on a 65 acre estate which included a greenhouse, water tower, garage, and gazebo. The house is also called Henry S. Plummer House.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Plummer, a Mayo Clinic partner and founder, worked very closely with Ellerby and Round, the architects of record, on the design of the house. The house includes many innovations that were quite novel for their time, including a central vacuum system, underground sprinkler system, intercommunications system, dumbwaiter, security system, electricity and gas lighting, the first gas furnace in the city, garage door openers, heated pool, water tower, and two underground caves going into the house and the water tower. The 5 story home is over 300 ft long, with 49 rooms including 10 bathrooms, 9 bedrooms, a 3rd floor ballroom, pipe organ, and 5 fireplaces. This translates to over 10,000 square feet of living space and over 20,000 square feet total, including the basement. There is a 220 ft long by 18 ft wide underground passageway connecting the main house to the caretakers cottage at the bottom of the hill.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Dr. Plummer in 1936, his wife, Daisy Berkman Plummer, and their two children, continued to live in the home until 1969. In 1971, Daisy Plummer and family gave the house with all its furnishings to the Rochester Art Center with the understanding that it would be operated as a Center for the Arts. Daisy Plummer envisioned her home to be used for music recitals and dance performances, as well as a setting for artists to create and show their work. This unique and generous gift, along with a small endowment, was a legacy of the generous spirit of the Plummer family. The Plummer House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Today, Rochester Park and Rec maintains the building, and 11 acre of original estate, as a private rental facility. In the summer, the beautiful gardens make the Plummer House a popular venue for weddings. Visible from much of south west Rochester, the Plummer House and its water tower mark the summit of a Rochester neighborhood nicknamed Pill Hill, so called because it typically houses many Mayo doctors.</p><br>
<p>Pyhrn Pass  is a mountain pass in the Austrian Alps between the Bundesländer of Upper Austria and Styria.</p><br>
<p>It connects Warscheneck and Bosruck. The pass road (B 138) has a maximum grade of 10 percent.</p><br>
<p>Since the middle of the 1980s, traffic on the pass has been reduced by the opening of the Bosruck Tunnel for the A9 Pyhrn Autobahn. There has also been a railway tunnel since the nineteenth century. Since the road tunnel was built, the road has not been cleared regularly in winter, and there is a weight limit for trucking.</p><br>
<p>On the Upper Austrian side west of the pass is the summer and ski resort Wurzeralm, and east of the pass Bosruck, which is noted for hiking and cross-country skiing.</p><br>
<p>Because the pass is a relatively low one, it has been important regionally since the Stone Age.</p><br>
<p>Federsee is a lake located just north of Bad Buchau in the region of Upper Swabia in Southern Germany. It is surrounded by moorland, partially overgrown with reeds. With a size of 33 km , the area is one of the largest, groundwater fed, connected moorlands in Southern Germany. At its deepest point, Lake Federsee has a depth of 2 metres . Federsee translates to feather lake and its shape resembles that of a feather. However, the origin of its name is locally debated, with one camp defending the shape theory, and another championing the idea that the amount of feathers found on the lake&#39;s surface gave rise to its name. The most probable explanation for the origin of the name is, however, the Celtic word "pheder" which means marsh. Therefore, the name refers to the origin of the lake itself and the surrounding landscape. The lake is encircled by the town of Bad Buchau, and the villages of Moosburg, Alleshausen, Seekirch, Tiefenbach, and Oggelshausen.</p><br>
<p>The lake and its immediate surroundings are a designated Special Protection Area for the conservation of wild birds. Around 265 bird species live in the vicinity of the lake, 107 of which are breeding here. The lake is also populated by 200 breeding pairs of whinchats and 18 breeding pairs of marsh harriers. Both are endangered species.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Federsee area has been declared a Special Protection Area under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds and the Habitats Directive. Furthermore, the area is part of the European ecology network Natura 2000.</p><br>
<p>The basin of Lake Federsee is famous for its excavations of Stone Age and Bronze Age artifacts, which are prominently displayed at the Federsee Museum.</p><br>
<p>Since the lake is completely surrounded by belts of reed and bogs, it is impossible to access the lake directly. Therefore, a narrow wooden boardwalk approx 1.5 km in length was constructed. Starting near the parking area at the Federsee Museum, it leads through the reed belt until open water is reached. Here one finds an observation platform and boat rental facility. There are a variety of piers leading to different parts of the protected area, which otherwise would be inaccessible by foot.</p><br>
<p>The village of Tiefenbach is located closest to the water. When Lake Federsee&#39;s surface is frozen during the winter months it is possible to walk from Tiefenbach to Bad Buchau across the frozen lake.</p><br>
<p>The Gamburtsev Mountain Range  is a subglacial mountain range located in East Antarctica, just underneath the lofty Dome A, near the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility. The range was discovered by the 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1958 and is named for Soviet geophysicist Grigoriy A. Gamburtsev. It is approximately 1,200 km long, and the mountains are believed to be about 2,700 m high, although they are completely covered by over 600 m of ice and snow. The Gamburtsev Mountain Range is currently believed to be about the same size as the European Alps, and possibly 500 million years. Current models suggest that the East Antarctic ice sheet was formed from the glaciers that began sliding down the Gamburtsev range at the end of the Eocene. Vostok Subglacial Highlands form an east extension of Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Antarctica's Gamburtsev Province (AGAP) project</h2><br>
<p>As part of the 2007–09 International Polar Year, so called, the AGAP project was a multinational effort to gather information about the Gamburtsev mountain chain.</p><br>
<h3>Completion</h3><br>
<p>Scientists announced the completion of their mission on 25 February 2009. Modern-day remote-sensing technology revealed a very jagged landscape. The gathered data will be analysed by researchers in the following months. Dr Fausto Ferraccioli from the British Antarctic Survey said: "We can confirm they are there; weve seen them under the ice. Not only are they similar in dimension to the European Alps, but they are also similar in aspect: we see very sharp peaks and valleys which are remarkably similar to the Alps themselves. It all adds to the mystery &ndash; from the tectonic perspective of how these mountains were created; and from the glacial history perspective of how the East Antarctic ice sheet was formed and didnt erode these peaks."</p><br>
<p>The AGAP project comprised scientists, engineers, pilots and support staff from Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Two field camps were established deep within the Antarctic interior and aircraft flew across the ice, mapping the shape of the sub-glacials using an ice-penetrating radar. The local gravitational and magnetic fields were also measured. 120,000 km were flown, with over 20% of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet being explored during the course of the mission.</p><br>
<p>Information was recorded on a network of seismometers that picked up earthquake signals passing through the rock from the opposite side of the planet. Despite the extreme temperatures — around -30 °C at the two base camps as reported by AGAP US co-leader Dr Robin Bell — liquid water was detected in the valleys three kilometres beneath the team. Ferraccioli added: "Up until now we just had an ambitious plan. Now we have all this remarkable data to pore over."</p><br>
<p>By December, 2009, data analyzed so far from the AGAP project indicate the mountain range is generally oriented southwest to northeast, and arose from tectonic plate activity.</p><br>
<p>The teams next goal is to drill through the ice and collect the first Gamburtsev rock samples. "Amazingly, we have samples of the moon but none of the Gamburtsevs," said Robin Bell, a geophysicist at Columbia Universitys Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. "With these rock samples we will be able to constrain when this ancient piece of crust was rejuvenated and grew to a magnificent mountain range."</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>The result of the 2007-2009 study has found that the Gamburtsev are very old, first forming around a billion years ago when continental drift pushed two plates together to form the super-continent of Rodinia. This early range was eroded above the surface but left a deep cold root, which is visible today in seismic images, reaching down into the Earth&#39;s mantle. About 250-100 million years ago, the crust started to pull apart in a series of rifting events close to the east of this old root. A forked rift valley runs along the northern side of the mountains containing lakes Sovetskaya and 90East within it. This rifting warmed and rejuvenated the root, giving it the buoyancy to be lifted up to re-establish the mountains as an 800 km long massif.</p><br>
<p>Further uplift still was achieved as deep valleys were later cut erosion lightening the overall mass of the system. Around 35 million years ago, the glaciers merged to form the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, burying the Gamburtsev Range in the process.</p><br>
<p>Dearfield is a ghost town and a historically black majority settlement in Weld County, Colorado, United States. It is 30 mi east of Greeley. The town was formed by Oliver T. Jackson who desired to create a colony for African Americans. In 1910, Jackson, a successful businessman from Boulder, filed on the homestead that later became the town and began to advertise for "colonists." The name Dearfield was suggested by one of the towns citizens, Dr. J.H.P. Westbrook who was from Denver. The word dear was chosen as the foundation for the towns name due to the precious value of the land and community to the town&#39;s settlers.</p><br>
<p>The first settlers of Dearfield had great difficulty farming the surrounding pasture and endured several harsh seasons. However, by 1921, 700 people lived in Dearfield. The towns net worth was appraised at $1,075,000. After several prosperous years, the Great Depression arrived and the towns agricultural success significantly declined. Settlers began to leave Dearfield in order to find better opportunities. By 1940, the town population had decreased to 12, only 2% of the town&#39;s 1921 population. Jackson desperately attempted to spur interest in the town, even offering it for sale. However, there was little interest in Dearfield. Jackson died on February 18, 1948.</p><br>
<p>A few deserted buildings remain in Dearfield: a gas station, a diner, and the founders home. In 1998, Black American West Museum in Denver began to make attempts to preserve the towns site. It is a Colorado Registered Historic Landmark. A 2010 monument next to one of the remaining buildings contains information about the history of the site.</p><br>
<p>A 2001 state historical marker at USA Route 85 mile marker 264 near Evans, Colorado, includes a panel with the history of Dearfield.</p><br>
<p>Woolaroc is a museum and wildlife preserve located in the Osage Hills of Northeastern Oklahoma on Oklahoma State Highway 123 about 12 mi southwest of Bartlesville, Oklahoma and 45 mi north of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Woolaroc was established in 1925 as the ranch retreat of oilman Frank Phillips. The ranch is a 1500 hectare  wildlife preserve, home to over 30 different species of native and exotic wildlife, such as buffalo, elk and longhorn cattle. Woolaroc is also a museum with a collection of western art and artifacts, American Indian material, and one of the largest collections of Colt firearms in the world. Also on display is Woolaroc, the aircraft that won the ill-fated Dole Air Race in 1927. Woolaroc features a nature trail and a living history area inviting visitors to experience the natural environment of Woolaroc, the life in a pre-Civil War 1840&#39;s mountain man camp.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name Woolaroc is a portmanteau of the words woods, lakes, and rocks that are featured in the beautiful Osage Hills of northeast Oklahoma where Woolaroc is located. The name was originally intended for the ranch house, but it soon became the name for the entire Frank Phillips ranch.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Woolaroc Museum & Wildlife Preserve is owned and operated by The Frank Phillips Foundation, Inc. founded in 1937 by oilman Frank Phillips and his wife Jane Phillips. In 1944, Frank and Jane Phillips donated all of their personal ownership of Woolaroc (grounds, facilities, animals, collections and art) to the Foundation. At that time it was determined that the primary purpose of the Foundation was to assure the operation and the preservation of Woolaroc. The Foundation, a 501(c)(3) operating foundation, is headed by a Board of Trustees. The mission of Frank Phillips when he built Woolaroc in 1925 was to preserve the history of the West, educate, and entertain. Today, the Foundation and the employees of Woolaroc still follow that mission.</p><br>
<h2>Museum Collection</h2><br>
<p>The museum started out as a hangar in 1929 for the Woolaroc airplane, a plane Frank Phillips sponsored in the Dole Air Race from Oakland California to Honolulu, Hawaii in 1927. Over the years Frank continued to receive gifts, and made art acquisitions, and the museum grew room by room. The museum is 50,000 square feet and now has over 600 paintings, 300 bronzes, over 2,300 pieces of Native American art and artifacts, as well as many pieces of taxidermy that decorate the walls of the museum and lodge. The galleries feature some of the premier Indian and Western artists in America&#39;s history: Remington, Russell, Leigh, Moran, Couse, Johnson, Sharp, Balink, Hennings, Ufer, Berninghaus, Bierstadt, and others.</p><br>
<h2>Woolaroc Ranch Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Woolaroc Ranch Historic District, also known as Rock Creek Game Preserve, Frank Phillips Ranch, Phillips Osage Park and Woolaroc Museum and Wildlife Preserve, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 5, 2008. It is significant as a reflection of the time period and for its role in the petroleum industry of the time. It is also significant for its landscape architecture. Contributing resources include 18 buildings, 22 sites, 115 structures, and 17 objects. It was listed as a featured property of the week in a program of the National Park Service that began in July, 2008.</p><br>
<h2>The Pioneer Woman Models</h2><br>
<p>In 1928, E. W. Marland, founder of Marland Oil Company (later to become Conoco) and at that time one of the wealthiest men in the world, commissioned twelve miniature 3-foot sculptures that were submitted by US and international sculptors as models for the Pioneer Woman statue. and as $2,000 for each submission. The miniatures traveled to twelve cities where they were viewed by 750,000 people who cast votes for their favorite.</p><br>
<p>The twelve submissions included "Protective" by John Gregory; "Determined" by Maurice Sterne; "Challenging" by Hermon Atkins MacNeil; "Affectionate" by James E. Fraser; "Self-Reliant" by Alexander Stirling Calder; "Fearless" by Wheeler Williams; "Heroic" by Mario Korbel; "Adventurous" by F. Lynn Jenkins; "Sturdy" by Mahonri Young and "Faithful" by Arthur Lee; "Trusting" by Jo Davidson; and "Confident" by Bryant Baker.</p><br>
<p>The exhibition touched a popular chord in American culture of the time.</p><br>
<p>The winning statue nationwide was "Confident," produced by British-born American sculptor Bryant Baker.</p><br>
<p>Bakers sculpture was unveiled in Ponca City in a public ceremony on April 22, 1930 when forty thousand guests came to hear Will Rogers pay tribute to Oklahomas pioneers. The finished statue of the Pioneer Woman Statue was 27 feet high and weighed 12,000 pounds.</p><br>
<p>After financial reverses that included the loss of his company Marland Oil Company, E. W. Marland wrote a letter to his friend Frank Phillips on March 11, 1940.</p><br>
<p>Phillips sent art expert Gordon Matzene to inspect the bronzes and began bargaining with Marland for their purchase. In the end Phillips offered Marland $500 for each of the twelve miniatures. Matzene declared that the purchase was a wonderful bargain and the miniatures were removed from Ponca City along with other statues and artwork to become part of Phillips&#39; collection at Woolaroc where they are on display.</p><br>
<h2>Admission</h2><br>
<p>The admission fee is $12 for guests from ages 12 through 64, $10 for ages 65 and older, and free for children aged 11 and below. Woolaroc is open year-round from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. CST Wednesday through Sunday and is closed during Monday and Tuesday. During the summer (Memorial Day through Labor Day), it is also open on Tuesdays. Bicycles are prohibited from entering the preserve.</p><br>
<p>Golija  is a mountain in southwestern Serbia, between towns of Ivanjica and Novi Pazar. It is part of the Dinaric mountain range. The mountain is heavily forested with significant biodiversity. It contains the Golija-Studenica Biosphere Reserve, the first UNESCO-MAB registered biosphere reserve in Serbia. It is also a small ski resort, with several historical monuments and monasteries. The highest peak is Jankov kamen at 1,833 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Golija stretches in north-south direction, in a S-shape between Novi Pazar and Raška on south and Ivanjica on the north. It covers an area of about 750 km². The highest peak is Jankov kamen (1,833 m), followed by Radulovac (1,785 m), Bojevo Brdo (1,748 m) and Crni Vrh (1,725 m). The peaks offer sightseeing to Golija&#39;s forests and pastures, as well as the peaks of nearby Kopaonik, Komovi and Prokletije mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Moravica and Studenica rivers of have their headwaters at this mountain. Studenica breaches through the mountain, in its deep valley with several shorter gorges. The Izubra tributary has three waterfalls of total height of around 20 m, and several cascades.</p><br>
<p>The Golija area has a population of 6,600 within the 42 dispersed rural communities characteristic of these mountainous regions. The main economic activities are livestock raising, farming, and collection of forest products such as mushrooms and medicinal herbs.</p><br>
<p>The reserve contains Studenica Monastery, a cultural World Heritage site and a popular tourist destination. The monasteries of Sopoćani, Stari Ras and Klisura lie at the outskirts of Golija.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Golija has three distinguishable climate areas, valley climate below 700 m altitude with moderate continental climate, transitional (700–1300 m) with short sharp winters and heavy snowfall, and the mountainous area (over 1300 m) with severe winters and short summer.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>Nature park Golija-Studenica covers and area of 538.04 km&sup2;. Golijas plants account for 25 percent of Serbias flora. There are recorded 1091 plant species park, including 117 types of algae, 40 species of mosses, 7 lichens and 75 species of fungi. Many of the species are relict and endemic. The Heldreich&#39;s maple is the symbol of the mountain, which constitutes deciduous and mixed-type forests, some of the best preserved in Serbia.</p><br>
<p>Golija is one of important mountainous European ornithology reserves, with 95 registered bird species. The 22 mammal species include the rare and protected wolves, brown bears, least weasels, dormouses, red squirrels and water shrew.</p><br>
<p>In September 2001, the UNESCO declared part of the Golija-Studenica bature park as the Serbia&#39;s first biosphere reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The mountain has several skiing facilities, with two hotels built on the mountain itself and several resorts in the vicinity of Ivanjica and Novi Pazar.</p><br>
<p>There are hunting grounds in Čemernica, Grabovica, and Golija with roe deer, boar, and rabbit.</p><br>
<p>Balsam Lake covers over of shoreline and covering a surface area of and is the biggest lake in Polk County, Wisconsin. Public access to the lake by boat ramps are on the northwest, southwest and East Balsam. It is fed by natural springs and seepage from wetlands on the southwestern, northeastern and eastern shores. Maximum depth is.</p><br>
<p>Balsam Lake is well known for its great fishing for panfish (bluegill, sunfish, crappie, yellow perch, and bullhead) and sport fish such as largemouth bass, walleye, and northern pike. Other recreational activities such as boating, canoeing, swimming and water-skiing in summer and ice fishing, snowmobiling, and cross-country skiing and the Cattail State Trail.</p><br>
<p>Over fifty businesses line the shore of the lake, including resorts, motels, bait and tackle shops, grocery stores, restaurants, insurance offices, chiropractic, hardware, gas stations, taverns and more</p><br>
<p>The original plat records the Ojibwe Indian name of this place as Innenehinduc. Translated as "Place of the Evergreen", the town and village of Balsam Lake were named after this large lake.</p><br>
<p>Balsam Branch, the main outlet of Balsam Lake is a Class II trout stream.</p><br>
<p>Tralcán  is a triangular-shaped mountain, which is located near Riñihue Lake, Chile. It is located south of the outflow dividing western Riñihue in two arms. Despite having been sacred to the huilliches for centuries, the mount became famous when several landslides near Tralcan dammed the Riñihue Lake after the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. The water levels in the lake rose more than 20 m and became a threat to the existence of Valdivia city. These events came to be known as The Riñihuazo . There is evidence that a similar landslide occurred after the 1575 Valdivia earthquake.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is made of volcanic sediments from the Triassic making it one of the few fossiliferous sequences from the Mesozoic in Zona Sur. These sediments are known as the Tralcán Formation.</p><br>
<p>The Río Piedras State Penitentiary, also known as Puerto Rico Island Penitentiary or Oso Blanco , was a correctional facility located in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico. The institution opened in 1933 under the government of James R. Beverley, and came to substitute the Puerto Rico Prison established by Spaniards in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the Government of Puerto Rico ordered the eviction of the state prison because it was deemed too expensive to readjust the structure to newer and modern facility standards.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the government ordered the demolition of the property to make room for a scientific park, "Ciudad de la Ciencias". The College of Architects of Puerto Rico (CAAPPR) expressed their opposition to the demolition saying that it should be considered where possible to the integrate it as part of the proposed project. The building was demolished in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>In 1926, the Federal Government hired the architect, Francisco Roldán, to design the structure. In a new approach to rehabilitation policies, Roldán added a softer design in contrast to the harsh structures that used to be the prisons of the era.</p><br>
<p>The construction began officially in 1927 with the overview of a professional contracting agency and the use of prisoner workforce. The total cost of the project was $779,822. The prisoners were also used to cultivate the surrounding grounds in an effort to promote their contribution in the economy of the island.</p><br>
<p>The building bears a neo-moorish architectural style with touches of art deco accentuated by the main entrance to the complex. There, two female statues guard it from both sides, with a detailed arch that reads above a quote from the known Spanish feminist and sociologist, Concepción Arenal, that reads "Hate the crime and pity the criminal".</p><br>
<p>The complex featured 332 cells and 12 pavilions, a clinic, a psychiatric hall, a library, classrooms, workshops, a mess hall with capacity for 500 inmates, a kitchen and restrooms, all organized around an interior patio.</p><br>
<p>The structure also features guerites in the outer facade with bland-colored tiles to contrast its look with its austere appearance.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Theodore Roosevelt Lake  is a large reservoir formed by Theodore Roosevelt Dam on the Salt River in Arizona as part of the Salt River Project . Located roughly 80 miles  northeast of Phoenix in the Salt River Valley, Theodore Roosevelt is the largest lake or reservoir located entirely within the state of Arizona . Both the reservoir and the masonry dam that created it, Roosevelt Dam, were named for USA President Theodore Roosevelt who dedicated the dam himself in March 1911. Roosevelt Lake is a popular recreation destination within the Tonto National Forest, as such the facilities located at this lake are managed by that authority.</p><br>
<p>Roosevelt Lake is the oldest of the six reservoirs constructed and operated by the Salt River Project. It also has the largest storage capacity of the SRP lakes with the ability to store 1,653,043 acre.ft of water when the conservation limit of Roosevelt Dam is reached. When the dam is in flood-control mode, the lake can store 2,910,200 acre.ft of water; however, the USA Army Corps of Engineers requires all water over the conservation limit to be released from the lake within 20 days.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Roosevelt Lake is located in central Arizona almost entirely within Gila County although a small portion lies in Maricopa County. Located about 4 miles (6 km) upstream from Apache Lake (the next SRP reservoir on the Salt River), Roosevelt Lake occupies about 10 miles (16 km) of the original Salt River riverbed and also extends for about 8 miles (13 km) up Tonto Creek, a significant tributary of the Salt with its headwaters along the Mogollon Rim. The lake covers much of the southern portion of the Tonto Basin, a low-lying area between the Sierra Ancha Mountains, Mazatzal Mountains (including Four Peaks), and the Superstition Mountains. State Route 188 travels along the shore of the lake for much of its length. Tonto National Monument is located 4 miles (6 km) from Roosevelt Dam, parts of the monument provide views of much of the reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Fishing is a common recreational activity at Roosevelt Lake. The lake is home to a variety of game fish including crappie, carp, sunfish, flathead and channel catfish, and smallmouth bass and largemouth bass. There is a slot size limit for the bass. Only one bass can be taken per day measuring between 13 and 16 inches.</p><br>
<p>Until recently, it also hosted the states most significant population of the federally endangered southwestern willow flycatcher. Since the lakes rise following heavy rains in the winter of 2005, the population dynamics between this site and the other significant Arizona population (on the San Pedro River) are unclear.</p><br>
<p>There are several Arizona Trail trailheads in the vicinity. The 800 mile (1,280 km) long hiking trail extending from the Arizona-Mexico border to Utah crosses the Salt River on the State Route 188 bridge that crosses Theodore Roosevelt Lake just northeast of Roosevelt Dam.</p><br>
<p>The River Nagavali also known as Langulya is one of the main rivers of Southern Odisha and Northern Andhra Pradesh States in India, between Rushikulya and Godavari basins.</p><br>
<h2>Origin and Course</h2><br>
<p>Nagavali River rises in the eastern slopes of the Eastern Ghats near Lakhbahal in the Kalahandi district of Odisha at an elevation of about 1,300 m. The geographic co-ordinates of the river are north latitudes 18 10 to 19 44 and east longitudes of 82 53 to 84 05. Niyamgiri hills where Bauxite mining is proposed are located in Nagavali river basin.</p><br>
<p>The total length of the river is about 256 km, of which 161 km are in Odisha and the rest in Andhra Pradesh. The catchment area of the basin is 9,510 km&sup2;. Nagavali is an interstate river with 4,462 km&sup2; and 5,048 km&sup2; river basin area located in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh respectively. The river basin receives 1,000 mm average rain fall annually. The uplands of the river basin are hilly areas with predominantly tribal populated. It drains parts of the Kalahandi, Rayagada and Koraput districts of Odisha and Srikakulam, Vizianagaram districts of Andhra Pradesh.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>The main tributaries of the River Nagavali are Jhanjavati, Barha, Baldiya, Satnala, Sitagurha, Srikona, Gumudugedda, Vottigedda, Suvarnamukhi, Vonigedda, Relligedda and Vegavati. The Suvarnamukhi river takes its birth in the hills of Salur mandal and takes an eastern direction and finally join the Nagavali at Sangam village in Vangara mandal of Srikakulam District. Vegavathi originates in pachipenta hills of Pachipenta Mandal.</p><br>
<p>Vegavathi River takes its origin in the Pachipenta hills in Eastern Ghats. It is a tributary to Suvarnamukhi, which in turn is a tributary to River Nagavali. Salur town and Paradhi are located on the banks of this river. There are two road bridges at these places.</p><br>
<h2>Towns and Cities</h2><br>
<p>Rayagada town and district headquarters of Rayagada dist of Odisha, River Nagavali flows in outskirts of the town.</p><br>
<p>Srikakulam town, the district headquarters in Andhra Pradesh: River Nagavali flows through Srikakulam town and meets the sea at Kallepalli village, 5 kilometers far from Srikakulam town.</p><br>
<p>Hatipathar, near Rayagada: It is a place of great scenic beauty with two waterfalls on the course of River Nagavali. The boulders here appear in a way that look like huge elephants.</p><br>
<h2>Irrigation Projects</h2><br>
<p>Jhanjavati Project 18&deg;51&prime;49&Prime;N latitude, 83&deg;26&prime;05&Prime;E longitude is located at Rajyalaxmipuram village in Komarada mandal of Vizianagaram district on Jhanjavati, a tributary of River Nagavali. It is a rubber dam and first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh and India and the biggest in Asia. It is aimed to utilize 4 TMC of available water and to irrigate / stabilize a total ayacut of 24,640 acre in Vizianagaram District. It was dedicated to the nation on 1 January 2006 by Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. The rubber dam was installed on a concrete plate in technical collaboration with Hydro-Construct of Austria. Its size would be raised or reduced with the help of water pumped into it. It was planned to fix the rubber dam to a height of three metres to store water up to 125 m msl in the reservoir without causing submergence in the Odisha side of the river. However, the prior agreement between Odisha and Andhra Pradesh on this project permits to raise the maximum reservoir level submerging Odisha area up to 480 ft msl. This dispute is unsettled till now preventing use of the project&#39;s full irrigation potential for last 20 years due to present 0.6 tmcft reservoir storage capacity against 4 tmcft planned storage. Andhra Pradesh wants to resolve the issue by constituting Nagavali water dispute tribunal under the Interstate River Water Disputes Act as the dispute is not getting settled by negotiations between the two states.</p><br>
<p>Thotapalli Barrage is located at village Thotapalli in Vizianagaram district and presently being upgraded as barriage.</p><br>
<p>Madduvalasa Reservoir is located at Madduvalasa village in Vangara mandal of Srikakulam district. It is built across Vegavati and Suvarnamukhi tributaries. The project is started in 1977 and provides water for 24,500 acre of land for cultivation.</p><br>
<p>Narayanapuram barrage 18&deg;29&prime;07&Prime;N latitude, 83&deg;48&prime;31&Prime;E longitude is located in Burja mandal of Srikakulam district.</p><br>
<p>Vamsadhara and Nagavali inter link canal is a 30 km long gravity canal planned to inter link the Vamsadhara and Nagavali Rivers. It will run from Hiramandalam reservoir to Narayanapuram barrage near Amudalavalasa and bring an additional 50,000 acre of ayacut under irrigation using 10 tmcft of water from Vamsadhara basin.</p><br>
<p>The Santanoni Preserve was once a private estate of approximately 13,000 acres  in the Adirondack Mountains, and now is the property of the State of New York, at Newcomb, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Santanoni Preserve was established by Robert C. Pruyn (1847–1934), a prominent Albany banker and businessman. Acquiring about 12,900 acres (52.2 km²) in the Town of Newcomb, just south of the Adirondack High Peaks, Pruyn employed the distinguished architect Robert H. Robertson (1849–1914) to design a summer residential complex. Robert C. Pruyn&#39;s heirs in 1953 sold the Santanoni Preserve to the Melvin family, leaders in the business and professional community of Syracuse, New York.</p><br>
<p>The Melvin family continued to enjoy the camp for almost twenty more years, although maintaining it on a simpler scale. In 1971, one of the Melvins&#39; grandchildren, eight-year-old Douglas Legg, disappeared in the forest at Santanoni and was never seen again. The family, not caring to return to the scene of this tragedy, quickly contracted with the newly formed Adirondack Conservancy Committee of The Nature Conservancy to purchase the entire Santanoni Preserve. The furnishings were removed, and the Conservancy then resold the property to the state of New York for incorporation into the State Forest Preserve.</p><br>
<p>For two decades Camp Santanoni buildings were inadequately maintained by the state, since the intent, as required by the Article Fourteen of the New York State Constitution (providing for retention of Adirondack wilderness) was to remove improvements in order to return the Santanoni Preserve to a "forever wild&#39; condition.</p><br>
<h2>Camp Santanoni</h2><br>
<p>A residential complex of about forty-five buildings within the Santanoni Preserve, Camp Santanoni was one of the earliest examples of the "Great Camps of the Adirondacks". The complex now is known as the Camp Santanoni Historic Area and is a National Historic Landmark. At the time of completion, Camp Santanoni was regarded as the grandest of all such Adirondack camps.</p><br>
<p>Camp Santanoni has three main groupings of buildings:The Gate Lodge complex; the farm complex; and the Main Camp. The Robert H. Robertson buildings for the Main Camp were built in 1892–93. The farm buildings were designed around 1902 by Edward Burnett, the leading farm designer of the time. The Gate Lodge was designed in 1905 by William Adams Delano of the New York City architectural firm of Delano and Aldrich.</p><br>
<p>The Gate Lodge complex is situated at the edge of the hamlet of Newcomb, included an impressive gate Lodge with a monumental, stone, gateway arch and six staff bedrooms, a caretakers home, and assorted barns, wagon sheds and other buildings.</p><br>
<p>The farm complex, a mile farther into the estate, included a massive set of barns, three farmhouses and workers&#39; cottages, a stone creamery, workshop, chicken house, kennels, smoke house, root cellar and other service buildings. With imported and domestic breeds of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry, Santanoni had probably the largest farm operation ever associated with a family estate in the Adirondacks. It supplied the camp with its meat and produce, while surplus dairy products were sold in Newcomb and sent to Albany for the Pruyns and their friends. Many Newcomb residents today still own milk bottles with "Santanoni" embossed on them in raised letters.</p><br>
<p>The Main Camp was situated 4.7 mi from the Gate Lodge complex, farther into the estate on the shore of Newcomb Lake, with an excellent view toward the Adirondack High Peaks. The central lodge was actually a grouping of six separate buildings—the main living and dining lodge with two bedrooms upstairs; four sleeping cabins with a total of seven bedrooms; and a kitchen and service building with seven staff bedrooms— all connected by a common roof and porch system. 1500 spruce trees were used in the log construction. With its log grill work on the eaves, birch-bark wall covering and hand-hewn beams in the two-story high ceiling of the main living area, half-log decorative patterns on many walls and doors, impressive fieldstone fireplaces, and other structural and decorative features, Santanoni is an outstanding example of rustic Adirondack Architecture and the craft of log construction.</p><br>
<p>Flanking the central lodge on the lake shore were a boathouse and an artists studio, built for Pruyn’s artistic son, Edward Lansing Pruyn. In the woods behind the main lodge were another caretakers home, workshop, ice house, and assorted service buildings. A little farther away, on the road from the farm, were two more staff domiciles and another horse and carriage barn.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>Authors of a book (below) about the Santanoni Preserve have noted an influence of Japanese architecture evident in Robertsons design. Most apparent of these is a single roof and continuous porch that connects five of the six buildings. The dominant roof is stepped in the Japanese fashion and resembles a bird-in-flight, the symbolic phoenix, when seen from the air. The authors observe that owner Robert C. Pruyn had served as secretary to his father, Robert H. Pruyn, when the latter was appointed by President Lincoln in 1861 as minister to Japan. He was the second such ambassador since Commodore Perrys voyage had opened trade with this hitherto unknown realm. The Pruyns were well-connected in the business, political, and social life of the Empire State. Among many other involvements, Robert C. Pruyn was aide to Governor Dix, President of National Commercial Bank (now Key Bank), and a Regent of the University of the State of New York. Theodore Roosevelt and James Fenimore Cooper, Jr. were among the many distinguished visitors who regularly visited the Pruyns at their Adirondack camp.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>After two years efforts of a regional preservation organization, Adirondack Architectural Heritage, the state agreed in principle to retain most of the historic buildings of the Santanoni Preserve. Since 1993, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Adirondack Architectural Heritage and the Town of Newcomb have restored structures, assisted by grants for conservation and restoration from the federal Save Americas Treasures program, grants from the New York State Environmental Protection Fund, and other allocations from New York State. Funds from the Getty Foundation Grant Program assisted development of the Conservation Plan, which has guided all recent work.</p><br>
<p>Santanoni Preserve was included in a multiple property submission for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 and was listed there in 1987. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Santanoni Preserve is open year-round to visit the Preserve and see building exteriors. Many of the building interiors are open seasonally (July 1 through Labor Day) and can be seen guided by the interpretive staff.</p><br>
<p>The Santanoni Preserve is located on Newcomb Lake, north of the hamlet of Newcomb.</p><br>
<p>The Gusau Dam holds a reservoir on the Sokoto River just upstream from Gusau, capital of Zamfara State in Nigeria. It supplies water to the city and neighboring communities. In 2006, the dam collapsed, killing 40 people and destroying 500 homes.</p><br>
<h2>Dam capacity</h2><br>
<p>The dam was insufficient to meet local needs in times of drought.</p><br>
<p>In January 2001 the Zamfara State Governor, Ahmed Sani Yerima met the federal minister of Water Resources, Mohammed Bello Kaliel and told him that Gusau Dam could dry up soon, asking the Federal Government to transfer water from the Bakolori Dam to Gusau. Kaliel said the Federal Government was committed to provide quality water to all Nigerians and would soon provide assistance to the states, with priority given to Gusau.</p><br>
<p>In June 2002, two groups in Zamfara State petitioned the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC), alleging that Ahmed Sani Yerima had mismanaged and misappropriated Federal funds. The state government had made claims for improvement, dredging and repairs of a collapsed portion of the Gusau barrage at the cost of N14.2 million, resuscitation of the Barrage at N92million and de-siting of the Gusau Dam Barrage at N1.8 million. However, nothing appreciable had been done.</p><br>
<h2>2006 collapse</h2><br>
<p>A disaster occurred on Saturday, September 30, 2006 when the dam collapsed after heavy flooding. 40 people were killed and approximately 500 homes were destroyed, displacing 1,000 people. It occurred after the heaviest downpour ever recorded in the area, which had fallen for the previous two days. In addition to lost and damaged houses, large amounts of farmland that was almost due to be harvested was devastated and hundreds of livestock were killed. As well as the dam, a bridge linking the city to the northern part of Zamfara State was destroyed. Around 700 people were temporarily sheltered in a nearby secondary school in the village of Birnin Ruwa, where assistance was provided by the Red Cross. Drinking water wells were polluted by the floodwater. The accident occurred after sluice gates failed to function, causing the water to overwhelm the dam, says the operator, the Zamfara Water Board.</p><br>
<p>After the dam collapse, many residents had to resort to stream water. Water vendors more than doubled their price, selling a 25-litre Jerry can for N50 compared to N20 before.</p><br>
<h2>Later developments</h2><br>
<p>In March 2007, the Federal government released NN2.4 billion for the rehabilitation of the Gusau dam.</p><br>
<p>In May 2007 the Zamfara state government said they were giving top priority to ensuring that water was retained in the dam, rehabilitating the water treatment plant, introducing modern equipment at the pumping stations, and developing the distribution network.</p><br>
<p>In January 2010, a Zamfara-based group called Concerned Citizens petitioned the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) to investigate the former Governor of Zamfara state, Ahmad Sani Yarima, for mismanagement of funds, including an N1 billion loan for Gusau dam repairs.</p><br>
<p>The Ryukyu IslandsRyūkyū-shotō, more commonly known in Japanese as the Nansei Islands and also known as the Ryukyu Arc, are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands , with Yonaguni the southernmost. The larger are mostly high islands and the smaller mostly coral. The largest is Okinawa.</p><br>
<p>The climate of the islands ranges from humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) in the north to tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af) in the south. Precipitation is very high, and is affected by the rainy season and typhoons. Except the outlying Daitō Islands, the island chain has two major geologic boundaries, the Tokara Strait between the Tokara and Amami Islands, and the Kerama Gap between the Okinawa and Miyako Islands. The islands beyond the Tokara Strait are characterized by their coral reefs.</p><br>
<p>The Ōsumi and Tokara Islands, the northernmost of the islands, fall under the cultural sphere of the Kyushu region of Japan; the people are ethnically Japanese and speak a variation of the Kagoshima dialect of Japanese. The Amami, Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama Islands have a native population collectively called the Ryukyuan people, named for the former Ryukyu Kingdom that ruled them. The varied Ryukyuan languages are traditionally spoken on these islands, and the major islands have their own distinct languages. In modern times, the Japanese language is the primary language of the islands, with the Okinawan Japanese dialect prevalently spoken. The outlying Daitō Islands were uninhabited until the Meiji period, when their development was started mainly by people from the Izu Islands south of Tokyo, with the people there speaking the Hachijō language.</p><br>
<p>Administratively, the islands are divided into Kagoshima Prefecture (specifically the islands administered by Kagoshima District, Kumage Subprefecture/District, and Ōshima Subprefecture/District) in the north and Okinawa Prefecture in the south, with the divide between the Amami and Okinawa Islands, with the Daitō Islands part of Okinawa Prefecture. The northern (Kagoshima) islands are collectively called the Satsunan Islands, while the southern part of the chain (Okinawa Prefecture) are called the Ryukyu Islands in Japanese.</p><br>
<h2>Island subgrouping</h2><br>
<p>The Ryukyus are commonly divided into two or three primary groups:</p><br>
<p>either administratively, with the Northern Ryukyus being the islands in Kagoshima Prefecture (known in Japanese as the "Satsunan Islands") and the Southern Ryukyus being the islands in Okinawa Prefecture (known in Japanese as the "Ryukyu Islands"),</p><br>
<p>or geologically, with the islands north of the Tokara Strait (Ōsumi and Tokara) being the Northern Ryukyus, those between the Tokara Strait and Kerama Gap (Amami and Okinawa) being the Central Ryukyus, and those south of the Kerama Gap (Miyako and Yaeyama) being the Southern Ryukyus.</p><br>
<p>Following are the grouping and names used by the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the Japan Coast Guard. The islands are listed from north to south where possible.</p><br>
<p>Nansei Islands</p><br>
<p>Satsunan Islands</p><br>
<p>*Ōsumi Islands with:</p><br>
<p>**Tanegashima, Yaku, Kuchinoerabu, Mageshima in the North-Eastern Group,</p><br>
<p>**Takeshima, Iojima, Kuroshima in the North-Western Group.</p><br>
<p>*Tokara Islands: Kuchinoshima, Nakanoshima, Gajajima, Suwanosejima, Akusekijima, Tairajima, Kodakarajima, Takarajima</p><br>
<p>*Amami Islands: Amami Ōshima, Kikaijima, Kakeromajima, Yoroshima, Ukeshima, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabujima, Yoronjima</p><br>
<p>Ryukyu Islands</p><br>
<p>*Okinawa Islands: Okinawa Island, Kume, Iheya, Izena, Aguni, Ie (Iejima), Iwo Tori Shima (Iōtorishima)</p><br>
<p>**Kerama Islands: Tokashiki, Zamami, Aka, Geruma</p><br>
<p>*Sakishima Islands</p><br>
<p>**Miyako Islands: Miyakojima, Ikema, Ōgami, Irabu, Shimoji, Kurima, Minna, Tarama</p><br>
<p>**Yaeyama Islands: Iriomote, Ishigaki, Taketomi, Kohama, Kuroshima, Aragusuku, Hatoma, Yubujima, Hateruma, Yonaguni</p><br>
<p>**Senkaku Islands: Uotsurijima, Kuba Jima, Taisho Jima, Kita Kojima, Minami Kojima</p><br>
<p>Daitō Islands: Kita Daitō, Minami Daitō, Oki Daitō</p><br>
<p>The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, another government organization that is responsible for standardization of place names, disagrees with the Japan Coast Guard over some names and their extent, but the two are working on standardization.</p><br>
<h2>Names and extents</h2><br>
<p>The English and Japanese uses of the term "Ryukyu" differ. In English, the term Ryukyu may apply to the entire chain of islands, while in Japanese Ryukyu usually refers only to the islands that were previously part of the Ryūkyū Kingdom after 1624.</p><br>
<h3>Nansei Islands</h3><br>
<p>3 is the official name for the whole island chain in Japanese. Japan has used the name on nautical charts since 1907. Based on the Japanese charts, the international chart series uses Nansei Shoto.</p><br>
<p>Nansei literally means "southwest", the direction of the island chain from mainland Japan. Some humanities scholars prefer the uncommon term "Ryukyu Arc" for the entire island chain. In geology, however, the Ryukyu Arc includes subsurface structures such as the Okinawa Trough and extends to Kyushu.</p><br>
<p>During the American occupation of Amami, the Japanese government objected to them being included under the name "Ryukyu" in English, because they worried that this might mean that the return of the Amami Islands to Japanese control would be delayed until the return of Okinawa. However, the American occupational government on Amami continued to be called the "Provisional Government for the Northern Ryukyu Islands" in English, though it was translated as Provisional Government for the Northern Nansei Islands in Japanese.</p><br>
<h3>Ryukyu</h3><br>
<p>The name of 3 is strongly associated with the Ryūkyū Kingdom, a kingdom that originated from the Okinawa Islands and subjected the Sakishima and Amami Islands. The name is generally considered outdated in Japanese although some entities of Okinawa still bear the name, such as the local national university.</p><br>
<p>In Japanese, the "Ryukyu Islands" cover only the Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama Islands, while in English it includes the Amami and Daitō Islands. The northern half of the island chain is referred to as the Satsunan ("South of Satsuma") Islands in Japanese, as opposed to Northern Ryukyu Islands in English.</p><br>
<p>Humanities scholars generally agree that the Amami, Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama Islands share much cultural heritage, though they are characterized by a great degree of internal diversity as well. There is, however, no good name for the group. The native population do not have their own name, since they do not recognize themselves as a group this size. Ryukyu is the principal candidate because it roughly corresponds to the maximum extent of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. However, it is not necessarily considered neutral by the people of Amami, Miyako, and Yaeyama, who were marginalized under the Okinawa-centered kingdom. The Ōsumi Islands are not included because they are culturally part of Kyushu. There is a high degree of confusion in use of Ryukyu in English literature. For example, Encyclopædia Britannica equates the Ryukyu Islands with Japanese Ryūkyū-shotō or Nansei-shotō in the definition but limits its scope to the Amami, Okinawa and Sakishima (Miyako and Yaeyama) in the content.</p><br>
<h4>Historical usage</h4><br>
<p>"Ryūkyū" is an exonym and is not a self-designation. The word first appeared in the Book of Sui (636). Its obscure description of Liuqiu (流求) is the source of a never-ending scholarly debate over what was referred to by the name Taiwan, Okinawa or both. Nevertheless, the Book of Sui shaped perceptions of Ryūkyū for a long time. Ryūkyū was considered a land of cannibals and aroused a feeling of dread among surrounding people, from Buddhist monk Enchin who traveled to Tang China in 858 to an informant of the Hyōtō Ryūkyū-koku ki who traveled to Song China in 1243. Later, some Chinese sources used "Great Ryukyu" for Okinawa and "Lesser Ryukyu" for Taiwan. Okinawan forms of "Ryūkyū" are 3 or 3 in Okinawan and 3 in the Kunigami language. An Okinawan man was recorded as having referred to himself as a "Doo Choo man" during Commodore Matthew C. Perry&#39;s visit to the Ryūkyū Kingdom in 1852.</p><br>
<p>From about 1829 until the mid-20th century, the islands English name was spelled Luchu, Loochoo, or Lewchew. These spellings were based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters "琉球", which in Mandarin is Liúqiú, as well as the Okinawan languages form 3.</p><br>
<h3>Okinawa</h3><br>
<p>3, Okinawa in Japanese, is originally a native name for the largest island in the island chain. The Japanese map series known as the Ryukyu Kuniezu lists the island as 3 in 1644 and 3 after 1702. The name was chosen by the Meiji government for the new prefecture when they annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom in 1879. "Okinawa" never extends to Kagoshima Prefecture. Outside the prefecture, Okinawa Prefecture is simply referred to as Okinawa. In Okinawa Prefecture, however, Okinawa is strongly associated with Okinawa Island, and in this sense, Okinawa excludes the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands. People in the Yaeyama Islands would use the expression "go to Okinawa" when they visit Okinawa Island. People from the Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture would also oppose being included in Okinawa.</p><br>
<p>Some scholars feel the need to group the Amami and Okinawa Islands because Amami is closer to Okinawa in some respects, for example from a linguistic point of view, than Miyako and Yaeyama. Japanese scholars use "Amami–Okinawa" while American and European scholars use "Northern Ryukyuan." They have no established single-word term for the group since the native population had not felt the need for such a concept.</p><br>
<h3>Southern Islands</h3><br>
<p>The folklorist Kunio Yanagita and his followers used "Southern Islands". This term was originally used by the imperial court of Ancient Japan. Yanagita hypothesized that the southern islands were the origin of the Japanese people and preserved many elements that were subsequently lost in Japan. The term is outdated today.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Eastern Islands of Liuqiu</h3><br>
<p>The first possible mentions of the islands are in the Annals of the Qin Dynasty. Qin Shi Huang heard of "happy immortals" living on the Eastern Islands, so he sent expeditions there to find the source of immortality, to no avail. While some purport that these expeditions reached Japan and launched a social and agricultural revolution, the same events are marked in Ryukyuan folklore on Kudaka Island. The Eastern Islands are again mentioned as the land of immortals in the Annals of the Han Dynasty.</p><br>
<p>In 601, the Chinese sent an expedition to the "Country of Liuqiu". They noted that the people were small but pugnacious. The Chinese couldn&#39;t understand the local language and returned to China. In 607, they sent another expedition to trade, and brought back one of the islanders. A Japanese embassy was in Loyang when the expedition returned, and one of the Japanese exclaimed that the islander wore the dress and spoke the language of Yaku Island. In 610, a final expedition was sent with an army that demanded submission to the Chinese Emperor. The islanders fought the Chinese, but their "palaces" were burned and "thousands" of people were taken captive, and the Chinese left the island.</p><br>
<h3>Ancient Japan's Southern Islands</h3><br>
<p>The island chain appeared in Japanese written history as Southern Islands. The first record of the Southern Islands is an article of 618 in the Nihonshoki (720) which states that people of 3夜勾Yaku followed the emperor&#39;s virtue. In 629 the imperial court dispatched an expedition to Yaku. Yaku in historical sources was not limited to modern-day Yakushima but seems to have covered a broader area of the island chain. In 657, several persons from 3 arrived at Kyushu, reporting that they had first drifted to Amami Island, which is the first attested use of Amami.</p><br>
<p>Articles of the late 7th century give a closer look at the southern islands. In 677, the imperial court gave a banquet to people from Tane Island. In 679 the imperial court sent a mission to Tane Island. The mission carried some people from the southern islands who were described as the peoples of Tane, Yaku, and 3 in the article of 682. According to the Shoku Nihongi (797), the imperial court dispatched armed officers in 698 to explore the southern islands. As a result, people of Tane, Yaku, Amami and Dokan visited the capital to pay tribute in the next year. Historians identify Dokan as Tokunoshima of the Amami Islands. An article of 714 reports that an investigative team returned to the capital, together with people of Amami, 3, and 3 among others. Shigaki should be Ishigaki Island of the Yaeyama Islands. Some identify Kumi as Iriomote Island of the Yaeyama Islands because Komi is an older name for Iriomote. Others consider that Kumi corresponded to Kume Island of the Okinawa Islands. Around this time "Southern Islands" replaced Yaku as a collective name for the southern islands.</p><br>
<p>In the early 8th century the northern end of the island chain was formally incorporated into the Japanese administrative system. After a rebellion was crushed, Tane Province was established around 702. Tane Province consisted of four districts and covered Tanegashima and Yakushima. Although the tiny province faced financial difficulties from the very beginning, it was maintained until 824 when it was merged into Ōsumi Province.</p><br>
<p>Ancient Japans commitment to the southern islands is attributed to ideological and strategic factors. Japan applied to herself the Chinese ideology of emperorship that required "barbarian people" who longed for the great virtue of the emperor. Thus Japan treated people on its periphery, i.e., the Emishi to the east and the Hayato and the Southern Islanders to the south, as "barbarians". The imperial court brought some of them to the capital to serve the emperor. The New Book of Tang (1060) states at the end of the chapter of Japan that there were three little princes of 3, 3, and 3. This statement should have based on a report by Japanese envoys in the early 8th century who would have claimed the Japanese emperors virtue. At the site of Dazaifu, the administrative center of Kyushu, two wooden tags dated in the early 8th century were unearthed in 1984, which read "Amami Island" and "Iran Island" respectively. The latter seems to correspond to Okinoerabu Island. These tags might have been attached to "red woods", which, according to the Engishiki (927), Dazaifu was to offer when they were obtained from the southern islands.</p><br>
<p>The southern islands had strategic importance for Japan because they were on one of the three major routes used by Japanese missions to Tang China (630–840). The 702 mission seems to have been the first to successfully switch from the earlier route via Korea to the southern island route. The missions of 714, 733 and 752 probably took the same route. In 754 the Chinese monk Jianzhen managed to reach Japan. His biography Tō Daiwajō Tōseiden (779) makes reference to 3 on the route, which may refer to modern-day Okinawa Island. An article of 754 states that the government repaired mileposts that had originally been set in the southern islands in 735. However, the missions from 777 onward chose another route that directly connected Kyūshū to China. Thereafter the central government lost its interest in the southern islands.</p><br>
<h3>Kikaigashima and Iōgashima</h3><br>
<p>The southern islands reappeared in written history at the end of the 10th century. According to the Nihongi ryaku (c. 11th–12th centuries), Dazaifu, the administrative center of Kyushu, reported that the Nanban (southern barbarians) pirates, who were identified as Amami islanders by the Shōyūki (982–1032 for the extant portion), pillaged a wide area of Kyūshū in 997. In response, Dazaifu ordered "Kika Island" to arrest the Nanban. This is the first attested use of Kikaigashima, which is often used in subsequent sources.</p><br>
<p>The series of reports suggest that there were groups of people with advanced sailing technology in Amami and that Dazaifu had a stronghold in Kikai Island. In fact, historians hypothesize that the Amami Islands were incorporated into a trade network that connected it to Kyūshū, Song China and Goryeo. In fact, the Shōyūki recorded that in the 1020s, local governors of southern Kyūshū presented to the author, a court aristocrat, local specialties of the southern islands including the Chinese fan palm, red woods, and shells of Green Turban Shell. The Shinsarugakuki, a fictional work written in the mid-11th century, introduced a merchant named Hachirō-mauto, who traveled all the way to the land of the Fushū in the east and to Kika Island in the west. The goods he obtained from the southern islands included shells of Green Turban Shell and sulfur. The Shinsarugakuki was not mere fiction; the Golden Hall of Chūson-ji (c. 1124) in northeastern Japan was decorated with tens of thousands of green turban shells.</p><br>
<p>Some articles of 1187 of the Azuma Kagami state that Ata Tadakage of Satsuma Province fled to Kikai Island sometime around 1160. The Azuma Kagami also states that in 1188 Minamoto no Yoritomo, who soon became the shogun, dispatched troops to pacify Kikai Island. It was noted that the imperial court objected the military expedition claiming that it was beyond Japan&#39;s administration.</p><br>
<p>The literature-based theory that Kikai Island was Japan&#39;s trade center of the southern islands is supported by the discovery of the Gusuku Site Complex in 2006. The group of archaeological sites on the plateau of Kikai Island is one of the largest sites of the era. It lasted from 9th to 13th centuries and at its height from the second half of the 11th to the first half of the 12th century. It was characterized by a near-total absence of the native Kaneku Type pottery, which prevailed in coastal communities. What were found instead were goods imported from mainland Japan, China and Korea. Also found was the Kamuiyaki pottery, which was produced in Tokunoshima from the 11th to 14th centuries. The skewed distribution of Kamuiyaki peaked at Kikai and Tokunoshima suggests that the purpose of Kamuiyaki production was to serve it to Kikai.</p><br>
<h3>Shimazu Estate and Kamakura shogunate's expansion</h3><br>
<p>Around the Hōen era (1135–1141), Tanegashima became part of Shimazu Estate on southern Kyūshū. The Shimazu Estate was said to have established at Shimazu, Hyūga Province in 1020s and dedicated to Kanpaku Fujiwara no Yorimichi. In the 12th century, Shimazu Estate expanded to a large portion of the Satsuma and Ōsumi Provinces including Tanegashima.</p><br>
<p>Koremune no Tadahisa, a retainer of the Fujiwara family, was appointed as a steward of Shimazu Estate in 1185. He was then named shugo of Satsuma and Ōsumi (and later Hyūga) Provinces by first shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo in 1197. He became the founder of the Shimazu clan. Tadahisa lost power when his powerful relative Hiki Yoshikazu was overthrown in 1203. He lost the positions of shugo and jitō and only regained the posts of shugo of Satsuma Province and jitō of the Satsuma portion of Shimazu Estate. The shugo of Ōsumi Province and jitō of the Ōsumi portion of Shimazu Estate, both of which controlled Tanegashima, were succeeded by the Hōjō clan (especially its Nagoe branch). The Nagoe family sent the Higo clan to rule Ōsumi. A branch family of the Higo clan settled in Tanegashima and became the Tanegashima clan.</p><br>
<p>The islands other than Tanegashima were grouped as the Twelve Islands and treated as part of Kawanabe District, Satsuma Province. The Twelve Islands were subdivided into the Near Five端五島Kuchigoshima/Hajigoshima and the Remote Seven. The Near Five consisted of the Ōsumi Islands except Tanegashima while the Remote Seven corresponded to the Tokara Islands. After the Jōkyū War in 1221, the jitō of Kawanabe District was assumed by the Hōjō Tokusō family. The Tokusō family let its retainer Chikama clan rule Kawanabe District. In 1306, Chikama Tokiie created a set of inheritance documents that made reference to various southern islands. The islands mentioned were not limited to the Twelve but included Amami Ōshima, Kikai Island and Tokunoshima (and possibly Okinoerabu Island) of the Amami Islands. An extant map of Japan held by the Hōjō clan describes Amami as a "privately owned district." The Shimazu clan also claimed the rights to the Twelve. In 1227 Shōgun Kujō Yoritsune affirmed Shimazu Tadayoshis position as the jitō of the Twelve Islands among others. After the Kamakura shogunate was destroyed, the Shimazu clan increased its rights. In 1364, it claimed the "eighteen islands" of Kawanabe District. In the same year, the clans head Shimazu Sadahisa gave his son Morohisa properties in Satsuma Province including the Twelve Islands and the "extra five" islands. The latter must be the Amami Islands.</p><br>
<h3>Tanegashima under the Tanegashima clan</h3><br>
<p>The Tanegashima clan came to rule Tanegashima on behalf of the Nagoe family but soon got autonomous. It usually allied with, sometimes submitted itself to, and sometimes antagonized the Shimazu clan on mainland Kyūshū. The Tanegashima clan was given Yakushima and Kuchinoerabu Island by Shimazu Motohisa in 1415. In 1436, it was given the Seven Islands of Kawanabe District, Satsuma Province (the Tokara Islands) and other two islands by Shimazu Mochihisa, the head of a branch family.</p><br>
<p>Tanegashima is known in Japanese history for the introduction of European firearms to Japan. Around 1543, a Chinese junk with Portuguese merchants on board was driven to Tanegashima. Tanegashima Tokitaka succeeded in reproducing matchlock rifles obtained from the Portuguese. Within a few decades, firearms, then known as tanegashima, were spread across Sengoku Japan.</p><br>
<p>Toyotomi Hideyoshis reunification of Japan finalized the Tanegashima clans status as a senior vassal of the Shimazu clan. It was relocated to Chiran of mainland Kyūshū in 1595. Although it moved back to Tanegashima in 1599, Yakushima and Kuchinoerabu Island fall under the direct control of the Shimazu clan. These islands all constituted Satsuma Domain during the Edo period.</p><br>
<h3>Amami and Tokara Islands</h3><br>
<p>The Amami Islands were a focal point for dispute between the southward-expanding Satsuma Domain and the northward-expanding Ryukyu Kingdom. In 1453, a group of Koreans were shipwrecked on Gaja Island, where they found the island half under the control of Satsuma and half under the control of Ryukyu. Gaja Island is only 80 miles from Satsumas capital at Kagoshima City. The Koreans noted that the Ryukyuans used guns "as advanced as in." Other records of activity in the Amami Islands show Shō Tokus conquest of Kikai Island in 1466, a failed Satsuma invasion of Amami Ōshima in 1493, and two rebellions on Amami Ōshima during the 16th century. The islands were finally conquered by Satsuma during the 1609 Invasion of Ryukyu. The Tokugawa Shogunate granted Satsuma the islands in 1624. During the Edo Period, Ryukyuans referred to Satsuma&#39;s ships as "Tokara ships."</p><br>
<h3>Okinawa Islands</h3><br>
<p>Polities of the Okinawa Islands were unified as the Ryūkyū Kingdom in 1429. The kingdom conquered the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands. At its peak, it also subjected the Amami Islands to its rule. In 1609, Shimazu Tadatsune, Lord of Satsuma, invaded the Ryūkyū Kingdom with a fleet of 13 junks and 2,500 samurai, thereby establishing suzerainty over the islands. They faced little opposition from the Ryukyuans, who lacked any significant military capabilities, and who were ordered by King Shō Nei to surrender rather than to suffer the loss of precious lives. After that, the kings of the Ryukyus paid tribute to the Japanese shogun as well as to the Chinese emperor. During this period, Ryukyu kings were selected by a Japanese clan, unbeknownst to the Chinese, who believed the Ryukyus to be a loyal tributary. In 1655, the tributary relations between Ryukyu and Qing were formally approved by the shogunate. In 1874, the Ryukyus terminated tribute relations with China.</p><br>
<p>In 1872, the Japanese government established the Ryukyu han under the jurisdiction of the Foreign Ministry. In 1875, jurisdiction over the Ryukyus changed from the Foreign Ministry to the Home Ministry. In 1879, the Meiji government announced the annexation of the Ryukyus, establishing it as Okinawa Prefecture and forcing the Ryukyu king to move to Tokyo. When China signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki after its 1895 defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, China officially abandoned its claims to the Ryukyus.</p><br>
<p>American military control over Okinawa began in 1945 with the establishment of the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands, which in 1950 became the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands. Also in 1950, the Interim Ryukyus Advisory Council was formed, which evolved into the Ryukyu Provisional Central Government in 1951. In 1952, the USA was formally granted control over Ryukyu Islands south of 29°N latitude, and other Pacific islands, under the San Francisco Peace Treaty between the Allied Powers and Japan. The Ryukyu Provisional Central Government then became the Government of the Ryukyu Islands which existed from 1952 to 1972. Administrative rights reverted to Japan in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Today, numerous issues arise from Okinawan history. Some Ryukyuans and some Japanese feel that people from the Ryukyus are different from the majority Yamato people. Some natives of the Ryukyus claim that the central government is discriminating against the islanders by allowing so many American soldiers to be stationed on bases in Okinawa with a minimal presence on the mainland. Additionally, there is some discussion of secession from Japan. As the territorial dispute between China and Japan over the Senkaku Islands intensified in the early 21st century, Communist Party of China-backed scholars published essays calling for a reexamination of Japan&#39;s sovereignty over the Ryukyus. In 2013 The New York Times described the comments by said scholars as well as military figures as appearing to constitute "a semiofficial campaign in China to question Japanese rule of the islands," noting that "almost all the voices in China pressing the Okinawa issue are affiliated in some way with the government."</p><br>
<p>Many popular singers and musical groups come from Okinawa Prefecture. These include the groups Speed and Orange Range, as well as solo singers Namie Amuro and Gackt, among many others.</p><br>
<h4>Historical description of the "Loo-Choo" islands</h4><br>
<p>The islands were described by Hayashi Shihei in Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu, which was published in 1785.</p><br>
<p>An article in the 1878 edition of the Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information describes the islands:</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h3>Ryukyuan native people</h3><br>
<p>The residents of the island chain are currently Japanese citizens. Labeling them as Japanese poses no problem with regard to the Ōsumi Islands and Tokara Islands in the north, but there are problems about the ethnicity of the residents of the central and southern groups of the island chain.</p><br>
<p>Scholars who recognize shared heritage among the native population of the Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Islands label them as Ryukyuans. But nowadays, the residents of these Ryukyu Islands do not identify themselves as such, although they share the notion that they are somewhat different from Japanese, whom they call "Yamato" or "Naicha". Now, they usually express self-identity as the native of a particular island. Their identity can extend to an island and then to Japan as a whole, but rarely to intermediate regions.</p><br>
<p>For example, the people of Okinawa Island refer to themselves as people of Okinawa and the people of Okinoerabujima in the Amami Islands call themselves the people of Erabu, while referring to the Okinawans as Uchinaanchu or people of Naha, as they consider themselves distinct from the Okinawans. Other terms used include 3 and 3 in the Amami Islands, 3 in the Yaeyama Islands, 3 on Yoronjima and 3 in the Miyako Islands.</p><br>
<h3>Religion</h3><br>
<p>The indigenous Ryukyuan religion is generally characterized by ancestor worship (more accurately termed "ancestor respect") and the respecting of relationships between the living, the dead, and the gods and spirits of the natural world. Some of its beliefs indicative of its ancient animistic roots, such as those concerning local spirits and many other beings classified between gods and humans.</p><br>
<p>Ryukyuan religious practice has been influenced by Chinese religions (Taoism, Confucianism, and folk beliefs), Buddhism and Japanese Shinto.</p><br>
<p>Roman Catholics are pastorally served by their own Roman Catholic Diocese of Naha, which was founded in 1947 as the "Apostolic Administration of Okinawa and the Southern Islands".</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Yakushima</h3><br>
<p>Crossing the Tokara Islands, Watase&#39;s Line and marks a major biogeographic boundary. The north of the line belongs to the Palaearctic subregion while the southern portion is the northern limit of the Oriental subregion. Yakushima in Ōsumi is the southern limit of the Palaearctic subregion. It is featured with millennium-old cedar trees. The island is part of Kirishima-Yaku National Park and was designated as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993.</p><br>
<h3>Amami, Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama</h3><br>
<p>The south of Watase&#39;s Line is recognized by ecologists as a distinct subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion. The flora and fauna of the islands have much in common with Taiwan, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia, and are part of the Indomalaya ecozone.</p><br>
<p>The coral reefs are among the World Wildlife Fund&#39;s Global 200 ecoregions. The reefs are endangered by sedimentation and eutrophication, which result from agriculture as well as fishing.</p><br>
<p>Mammals endemic to the islands include Amami Rabbit, Iriomote cat, the Ryukyu flying fox, the Ryukyu long-tailed giant rat, the Ryukyu mouse, and the Ryukyu shrew.</p><br>
<p>Birds found in the Ryukyus include the Amami woodcock, the Izu thrush, the Japanese paradise flycatcher, the narcissus flycatcher, the Okinawa rail (yanbaru kuina), the Lidth&#39;s Jay, the Ryukyu kingfisher, the Ryukyu minivet, the Ryukyu robin, the Ryūkyū scops owl, the extinct Ryukyu wood pigeon, Amami woodpecker and the Okinawa woodpecker.</p><br>
<p>Approximately one half of the amphibian species of the islands are endemic. Endemic amphibians include the sword-tail newt, Andersons crocodile newt, Hyla hallowellii, Holsts frog, Otton frog, Ishikawas frog, the Ryukyu tip-nosed frog, Namiyes frog, and the Kampira Falls frog.</p><br>
<p>Various species of snake known locally as habu also inhabit the Ryukyus, including Trimeresurus elegans, Trimeresurus flavoviridis, Trimeresurus tokarensis, and Ovophis okinavensis. Other snakes native to the Ryukyus are Achalinus werneri, Achalinus formosanus, Elaphe carinata, Elaphe taeniura, Cyclophiops semicarinatus, Cyclophiops herminae, Dinodon semicarinatum, Dinodon rufozonatum, Calamaria pfefferri, Amphiesma pryeri, Calliophis japonicus, Laticauda semifasciata, and Hydrophis ornatus.</p><br>
<p>Lizards native to the islands include Kishinoues giant skink, Kuroiwas ground gecko, Japalura polygonata, Plestiodon stimpsonii, Plestiodon marginatus, Scincella boettgeri, Scincella vandenburghi, Ateuchosaurus pellopleurus, Cryptoblepharus boutonii nigropunctatus, Apeltonotus dorsalis, and Takydromus toyamai.</p><br>
<p>Subspecies of the Chinese box turtle and the yellow pond turtle are native to the islands, as is the Ryukyu black-breasted leaf turtle.</p><br>
<p>Goshen Pass is a water gap, or gorge, in the Little North Mountain, formed by the passage of the Maury River, approximately 20 mi northwest of Lexington in Rockbridge County, Virginia. State Route 39 traverses the pass along the banks of the Maury River.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Goshen Pass is the site of the Matthew Fontaine Maury memorial overlooking the Maury river. After Maurys death, his body was taken from the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington to Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond. Along the way the coach stopped at the Goshen pass, per Maurys request, to pick some of his favorite flowers, Rhododendrons, and mountain-ivy before continuing onward to Richmond. Subsequently a memorial to him was placed there, consisting of a vertical stone monument, showing Maurys face and an inscription a poem written by Mrs. Margaret Junkin Preston as cited on the webpage. In addition, high above the river below, a huge anchor and chain was placed, honoring Maurys naval service.</p><br>
<p>Matthew Fontaine Maury is buried between Virginian presidents John Tyler and James Monroe.</p><br>
<p>Maury River - Goshen Pass.jpgThe Maury River cuts through the Appalachians, west of Wilson Springs, between Hogback Mountain and Jump Mountain</p><br>
<p>Matthew Fontaine Maury memorial at Goshen Pass overlooking the Maury River.jpgMaury Memorial at Goshen Pass overlooking the Maury River</p><br>
<p>Goshen Pass east.JPGView to northeast from overlook</p><br>
<p>Goshen Pass west.JPGView to southwest from overlook</p><br>
<p>Maury River.JPGMaury River</p><br>
<p>State Route 39 Goshen Pass.JPGState Route 39 near west end of the pass</p><br>
<p>Lake Macdonald  is an ephemeral lake that straddles the border between Western Australia and the Northern Territory. It lies south of Lake Mackay, and south-west of Kintore, Northern Territory. Lying in country inhabited by Indigenous Australians for many thousands of years, it was first visited by Europeans in 1889, as part of an expedition supported by the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia. The expedition was led by William Tietkens; its activities included the first known photographs taken of Uluru. The lake is named after the secretary of the Victorian branch of the Geographical Society at that time. The area has been investigated for the mining of potash.</p><br>
<p>The lake marks the southern boundary of the Kiwirrkurra Indigenous Protected Area.</p><br>
<p>The land around Karrkurutinyja was the birthplace of contemporary Indigenous Australian artists including Yala Yala Gibbs Tjungurrayi, Shorty Lungkarta Tjungurrayi and Narputta Nangala, mother of Daisy Jugadai Napaltjarri.</p><br>
<p>The Riñihue Lake  is a lake of glacial origin in eastern Valdivia Province, southern Chile. It is surrounded by several mountains. The eastern side receives the waters of the Panguipulli Lake by the Enco River, its main contributor. It is the last of the Seven Lakes chain. In the west it is cut into two arms by the Tralcán Mount, and on the east side lies the Mocho-Choshuenco volcano. In the south the lake is bounded by the Cerros de Quimán mountains.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s name derives from the Mapuche words rëngi, "cane", and hue, "place". In the 16th century the lake was known as Comohue, from co mu, "with water", and hue, "place".</p><br>
<h2>The Riñihuazo</h2><br>
<p>The Riñihue lake became famous after an event known as the "Riñihuazo", which threatened to destroy several towns, villages and cities in southern Chile.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Chilean earthquake a landslide near the Tralcan Mount dammed the Riñihue Lake. As the water levels of Riñihue rose more than 20 meters, the dam was in danger of breaking and flooding everything downstream, including the city of Valdivia. There were plans for evacuating the city, and many people left the city. All this ended when a large team of workers was able to open a channel for drainage in the landslide. Then the water levels of the lake sunk slowly to its normal levels. There is evidence that a similar landslide and earthquake happened in 1575.</p><br>
<p>Mancera Island  is a minor island at the mouth of Valdivia River.</p><br>
<p>Prior to being named after the Marquis of Mancera the island was known as Güiguacabin (from ühueñn, "whistle", or ühua, "maize", and cahuin, "party") to the indigenous Mapuches. In his 1544 expedition Juan Bautista Pastene, made the island known for the Spanish and named it Imperial. Later the island became known to the Spanish as Constantino after its owner Constantino Pérez, then its was known for a time it was known as Santa Ines. The name finally settled as Mancera after the Spanish viceroy of Peru Pedro de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Mancera, who ordered the fortification of the island. The fort was a vital point in the Valdivian Fort System, preventing enemy ships from reaching Valdivia from Corral Bay.</p><br>
<p>In 1682, after Valdivia was badly damaged by a fire it was proposed to move the city to Manrcera Island. A similar proposal of moving the city to Mancera Island was done in 1721 in order to protect it against a potential British attack as Spain and Britain were at war.</p><br>
<p>Haystack Mountain is a 3,445 foot mountain in Wilmington, Vermont, USA.</p><br>
<p>Haystack Mountain, from surrounding areas, is the tallest peak seen by eye. It provides hikers a trail to its peak that depending on the time of year and weather conditions, can be challenging yet fun to technical and dangerous. A true trip into the green mountains of southern Vermont, the trail is marked with blue blazes and follows an old gated road on a steady moderate incline to Binney Brook ravine. It turns southwest at about half a mile and begins a steep climb to the west ridge of Haystack. The trail winds through a few different forest types until reaching the summit trail junction. Turn right at the summit junction and follow until you reach the summit. It is 2.4 miles to the summit, 4.8 miles round trip.</p><br>
<p>Leaving the summit, you can head back to the trailhead or continue north another 2.5 miles to the top of Haystack Mountain Resort where and the entrance to the Ridgeline hike that connects the summits of the Haystack and Mount Snow Resorts.</p><br>
<p>Located just below Haystacks peak (reached by the Haystack Trail) is Haystack Pond. Local folklore states that when the ponds depth was tested with high tech equipment which bounced sound waves from a body of waters bottom back to the testing device, an abnormality was discovered. Despite all attempts and having tested ponds and surrounding lakes with the same equipment earlier and later that day, Scientists could not register a response from the Haystack Pond. Disproving equipment failure, it was speculated that the lake that resides on top of Haystack Mountain very well could and most likely is a long dormant volcano with unknown and un-detectable depths.</p><br>
<p>The Hermitage Club assumed ownership of Haystack ski area, not to be confused with Haystack Mountain. The Hermitage club/Haystack ski area is located on a mountain of lower elevation adjacent and dwarfed by Haystack mountain. Haystack mountain, the Haystack Trail and the lake on atop the mountain are all located on land belonging to the Vermont State Forest.</p><br>
<p>Mount Scott is a small stratovolcano and a so-called parasitic cone on the southeast flank of Crater Lake in southern Oregon. It is approximately 420,000 years old. Its summit is the highest point within Crater Lake National Park, and the tenth highest peak in the Oregon Cascades.</p><br>
<p>A small fire lookout tower stands on the summit, at the end of a trail that zigzags approximately 1,500 feet (460 m) up the mountain. The mountain is named for Oregon pioneer Levi Scott, founder of Scottsburg, Oregon.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Scott first erupted about 420,000 years ago and is one of the oldest volcanoes in the Mount Mazama complex.</p><br>
<p>It erupted mainly andesitic lavas before becoming extinct in the late Pleistocene.</p><br>
<p>Since it was relatively far away from the main flanks of Mount Mazama, it survived the mountain&#39;s massive explosion that occurred around 5700 BC.</p><br>
<p>At 8,934 ft tall, Mount Scott is the highest point in Crater Lake National Park.</p><br>
<p>Most of the lower slopes are covered with ash, pumice, and loose gravel, while the summit is mostly covered with scoria.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Many species of plants inhabit the slopes of Mount Scott. The most common species of trees include Douglas fir, white pine, hemlock, whitebark pine, lodgepole pine. Wildflowers, such as Indian paintbrush, penstemon, forget-me-nots, wild onions, and buttercups can be found on the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Trail</h2><br>
<p>There is one trail to the summit of Mount Scott. Starting on Rim Drive, the trail is about 2.5 mi long. It has many switchbacks, and ends at the fire lookout tower on the summit. The trailhead is at an elevation of 7,683 ft, and the trail climbs approximately 1,479 ft to the top of Mount Scott at 8,934 ft.</p><br>
<p>Panoramic views of Crater Lake can be seen from the summit. Mount Thielsen, Diamond Peak, Mount McLoughlin, Mount Shasta, Upper Klamath Lake, and Diamond Lake are other landmarks that can be seen from the summit.</p><br>
<p>Rossett Pike is a fell in the English Lake District. It is located at the head of Mickleden, one of two tributary valleys of Great Langdale.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>A bridge of high ground connects the Southern and Central Fells, running from Bow Fell in the Scafells to Pike of Stickle, one of the Langdale Pikes. Rossett Pike is the high point of this ridge, bordered by Mickleden in the south and Langstrath to the north.</p><br>
<p>A narrow ridge falls north east from Bow Fell, constricted between Angle Tarn and the steep defile of Rossett Gill rising up from Mickleden. Angle Tarn is a feeder of the Langstrath and occupies a circular corrie beneath Hanging Knotts, small trout lurking in its 50 ft depths. Beyond this pinch point the ridge steps down over the three tops of Rossett Pike, Buck Pike (1,988 ft) and Black Crag (1,929 ft). All are considered to be part of the same fell by most writers. although this view is not universal, with Black Crags having enough re-ascent to qualify as a separate hill by some measures.</p><br>
<p>The ridge continues north east, narrowing again above Langdale Combe. At this point it is crossed by Stake Pass, a walkers&#39; thoroughfare running from Great Langdale to Borrowdale via the Langstrath. It now sees increased traffic as a part of the popular Cumbria Way long distance route. Beyond the Stake with its small summit tarn the ridge turns east and broadens, becoming indistinct as it crosses Martcrag Moor before rising to the Langdale Pikes.</p><br>
<p>The Mickleden flanks of Rossett Pike rise above an array of green moraines to a tier of crags running below the ridgeline. In addition to Black Crag there is Rossett Crag, set just beneath the summit. The northern face is less steep, falling only half as far to the upper gathering grounds of the Langstrath.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The volcaniclastic sandstone of the Seathwaite Fell Formation predominates, with the pebbly sandstone and breccia of the Pavey Ark Member exposed on the Langdale face.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit is marked by a small cairn and gives fine views of the Langdale Pikes although the looming presence of Bow Fell restricts the westward vista. A slightly lower cairn to the east brings the abyss of the head of Mickleden into view.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The pass at Rossett Gill provides a second major walking route out of Great Langdale, this path heading via Angle Tarn to Esk Hause. Whilst perhaps conceived as a means of reaching distant Wasdale, it is now more commonly used as a fellwalkers springboard to the Scafells. Alfred Wainwright pilloried the route in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, describing it as "almost certainly the least liked, due not to its steepness but its stoniness (a condition worsening year by year as swarming legions of booted pedestrians grind away the scanty vestiges of grass and soil)." He suggested renewed use of the old Pony Route&#39; which makes a more circuitous climb to the south. In more recent times the more direct route has seen considerable stone pitching and is much improved.</p><br>
<p>Direct climbs of Rossett Pike are almost invariably made via one of the neighbouring passes. Rossett Gill provides the shorter route from Great Langdale, but the Stake is also perfectly practicable. From Stonethwaite in Borrowdale, Stake Pass is the primary means of ascent although Angle Tarn can also be reached. Rossett Pike is also popular as an indirect climb when taken as a top in the round of Great Langale, a long but glorious ridge walk.</p><br>
<p>The Domica cave is situated on the south-western border of the Silicka planina Plateau 10 km south-east of Plesivec in the Rožňava District of the Košice Region in southern Slovakia and in combination with the Baradla cave represents the most significant section of the Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst cross-border cave network that continues into the  in Hungary.</p><br>
<p>These vast limestone passages, that had formed during the Middle Triassic and are rich in speleothems were discovered in 1926 by Ján Majko. A 1,600 m section of its total length of 5,140 m is publicly accessible since 1932.</p><br>
<p>As an element of the Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst the site has been induced into the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Exploration</h2><br>
<p>The site belongs to a complex variety of formations that include 712 caves, many of whom were well known among the local population for centuries. Bartholomeides, a priest from Ochtiná documented his first systematic excursions into the Certova diera Cave in 1801. His conclusions that a number of local caves are simply parts of a bigger entity were corroborated by the explorer I.Vass, who surveyed the Baradla cave in 1821. E.Nyari took up archaeological work in 1881 and suggested a connection of the Certova diera and Baradla Cave as did K. Siegmenth in 1891. Only the extensive work of Jan Majko in 1926 confirmed the interconnection of several local caves and lead to the discovery of the Domica cave on October 3, 1926. J. Majko penetrated from its bottom through a 15 m deep abyss into large underground spaces in 1926 where plenty of archaeological discoveries were made later.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Domica Cave is situated in the Slovak karst and consists of light limestone of the Middle Triassic. The passages were shaped by the waters of an underground river, called Styx. Speleothem decoration is omnipresent and very impressive, including cascades of stalactite lakes, variously shaped stalactites domed temples and notably bat guano, that had diffused into sinter crusts accounts for unique forms and textures of surface decoration.</p><br>
<p>Karst processes have over tens of millions of years created diverse structures and habitats that date back to the Late Cretaceous. Subsequent periods of temperate, glacial, subtropical and tropical climatic conditions excellently demonstrate karst formation under varying conditions. Biologists, geologists and paleontologists are confronted with a rich set of various conditions, that affect sedimentation, evolution and fossilization in a geological time frame.</p><br>
<h2>Human occupation</h2><br>
<p>Jaroslav Böhm directed excavations during the 1930s. Human presence has been documented dating back to the Paleolithic. The cave had presumably been a casual refuge for the oldest Neolithic inhabitants of Eastern Slovakia. However, the cave has been frequented by Neolithic humans of the Bükk culture, who might even have manufactured their distinct thin-walled pottery inside the cave. The original entrance of the Domica Cave was blocked by debris after Paleo-humans had abandoned it and the cave became inaccessible.</p><br>
<p>Post holes from dwelling objects and fireplaces were discovered in several places of the cave. More than 200 reconstructed containers from sherds as well as a terrace-dug slope in a fine-grained loam on the Styx bank with imprints of stone axes are evidences of ceramics manufacture in the cave. Irons, awls, arrows, the oldest comb in Europe, ring, decorated cylinder bracelet and fishhook represent the peak of Neolithic processing of bones. Also pendants from shells and animal teeth were preserved.</p><br>
<p>Odaesan, also known as Mount Odaesan or Mount Odae, is a South Korean mountain peak in Gangwon, South Korea, standing at the junction of the districts of Gangneung, Pyeongchang, and Hongcheon. At an elevation of 1,563 m it is the centerpiece of Odaesan National Park.</p><br>
<p>Odaesan stands at the junction of the Taebaek Mountains and the Charyeong Mountains, a spur range stretching to the west. The chief of its five peaks is Birobong. It stands just to the south of Seoraksan along the Baekdudaegan, the range of white peaks that make up the symbolic spine of the Korean Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>One of the four royal archives of the Joseon Dynasty is located on the Odaesan. It was founded in 1606 to house the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty and Uigwe or "Royal Protocols of the Joseon Dynasty". All but one of the Joseon archives were burned during the Japanese invasions of Korea. Although the Annals themselves were removed in the early 20th century and taken to Japan, where they were lost in the Great Kanto earthquake, the archive has been restored.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1922, during the Korea under Japanese rule under the supervision of then Resident-General of Korea Itō Hirobumi, many volumes of books including copies of Uigwe and other relics stored at the royal archive in the Buddhist temple at Odaesan were transferred to the University of Tokyo. In August 2010, then-Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced the return of the Uigwe to mark the centenary of the Japanese annexation of Korea. This was followed by the return of 1,200 volumes including 150 Uigwe in December 2011, which were subsequently kept at the National Palace Museum of Korea.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, Iris odaesanensis was first discovered on the mountain and then named after the mountain.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, a tiny 2300㎡ of peat was discovered in Odaesan.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The Odaesan region is home to a variety of Korean cultural treasures. Buddhist temple Woljeongsa of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism is located on the eastern slopes of Odaesan.</p><br>
<p>Ponta Preta, as there is one in the north of Sal, it is sometimes known as Ponta Preta do Sul is a headland in the southwest of the island of Sal in Cape Verde. It is about 2 km west of the town Santa Maria and about 1 km of Ponta do Sinó and its lighthouse. It also has its beach named Praia da Ponta Preta which covers 3 km of the southwesternmost coastline and is about 100 to 200 meters and around 300 meter at the headland, it strecthes up to the vicinity of Ribeira do Algodeiro and its tiny settlement. Praia de Santa Maria is its nearest beaches bordering near the southernmost point of the island.</p><br>
<p>The etymology of the name is Portuguese meaning black tip, hence its brown to black colored rocks founded when the point was named, also its bushes and grasses that are colored brown or black.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around 20000 to 18000 BC, it was the southernmost area of the island, before that, the area was the Atlantic Ocean. Marine abrasion enlarged the sands and pushed the land south. During the middle part of the Last Ice Age, the point was between 1-2 km west from its current location.</p><br>
<p>Along with the whole island, the area was first recordedly explored on December 3, 1460.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the southernmost part of the beach had built hotels in the area and some of them were completed as early as 2005.</p><br>
<p>In around 2007 and 2009, new hotels, resorts and villas had been developed and a secondary road was completed and with a few roundabouts connects the road connecting the town and Ponta do Sinó and the Espargos-Santa Maria Road. Desert sands and bushes remain in the mid portion of the area of the point. One of its bushes is Arthrocnemum franzii described in 2016 south of the point.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Danish Wadden Sea Islands  are a group of islands on the western coast of Jutland, Denmark. They have belonged to the region of Southern Denmark since January 1, 2007. Previously they belonged to the counties of South Jutland and Ribe.</p><br>
<p>The Danish islands differ from the German North Frisian Islands because no Frisians live on the Danish islands.</p><br>
<h2>The islands</h2><br>
<p>Fanø is located just off Esbjerg to which it is connected by a ferry. The main towns on Fanø are Nordby and Sønderho. Other towns include Fanø Vesterhavsbad and Rindby. The island is 16 km long and 5 km wide, and has an area of 56 km&sup2;., about 3,169 people live there. A variety of environments is to be found on Fanø. Not surprisingly, a very common one is sand. The islands whole western shore is made up of beaches, and the sea off the islands northwest end is also home to the "Søren-Jessens-Sand", a vast sandbank. Fanø also has heath and a small pine wood.</p><br>
<p>Mandø is a smaller island farther south, a bit farther from the mainland. It is Denmarks only Hallig, being much like the islands bearing that description among the German islands. A dike on Mandø keeps the sea at bay. Much of the islanders history involve efforts to reclaim parts of their island from the sea.</p><br>
<p>Rømø is currently the southernmost of Denmark&#39;s Wadden Sea Islands (a small uninhabited one called Jordsand was farther south, but sank in 1999, leaving behind only a sandbank). Rømø is linked to the Danish mainland by a road running across a causeway, and the island also lies only about 3 km from its German neighbour Sylt, to which it is connected by ferry. It is home to a number of small communities such as Kongsmark, Østerby, Lakolk, and Sønderstrand.</p><br>
<p>There is also a small island among Denmarks share of the archipelago called Langli, which is to be found in the Ho Bugt north of Esbjerg. It is the northernmost island in the whole group. It was once part of a peninsula whose landward stretch was washed away in a storm tide centuries ago. Since then, another spit has formed to the west and now shields Langli from some of the seas more destructive tendencies. Langli is nowadays home to a natural science station, housed in a villa built in the 20th century. Langli has an area of about 8 km&sup2; and can be reached from the mainland over an ebbevej (watershed) that is 3 km long.</p><br>
<p>Jordsand and Koresand are two sandbanks in the Danish Wadden Sea. Jordsand is a former hallig.</p><br>
<p>The Katahdin Iron Works is a Maine state historic site located in the unorganized township of the same name. It is the site of an ironworks which operated from 1845 to 1890. In addition to the kilns of the ironworks , the community was served by a railroad and had a 100-room hotel. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The state&#39;s property contains Gulf Hagas, a canyon on the West Branch of the Pleasant River that is a National Natural Landmark. About a mile and a half downriver is another national landmark, "The Hermitage", a roughly 35 acre grove of large Eastern White Pine trees that is preserved by The Nature Conservancy. In 2003, the Appalachian Mountain Club acquired a 37,000 acre property upriver from Gulf Hagas that it named Katahdin Iron Works.</p><br>
<h2>Iron Works</h2><br>
<p>Early European surveyor Moses Greenleaf translated the Abnaki name Munnalammonungan for the west branch of the Pleasant River as "very fine paint." About 1820 he found Ore Mountain of orange, yellow, and red iron oxide pigments used for Abnaki paints. It was identified as a limonite gossan in 1843. Samuel Smith built a road from Brownville, Maine in 1841 and then built a company town where the West Branch of the Pleasant River flows out of Silver Lake. The town included the American Lumber Company sawmill, boarding house, cooperative store, town hall, school, post office, stables, and homes for 200 families. Stonemasons then built a 55-foot high rock blast furnace with water-powered blowers. They also built eighteen stone beehive kilns to convert wood to charcoal for producing about 2,000 tons of pig iron annually.</p><br>
<p>The gossan became the primary source of mined ore in 1845. The ore was roasted to drive off sulfur dioxide. Smith sold the operation to David Pingree who organized the Katahdin Iron Works. When pig iron sold slowly, Pingree built a puddling refinery to produce wrought iron. The Boston market for wrought iron remained poor, and the iron works ceased operation from 1857 until the American Civil War increased iron demand in 1863. When Pingree died, a group of Bangor, Maine businessmen formed the Piscataquis Iron Works Company to take over the operation in 1876. They refurbished the boarding house as the Silver Lake Hotel for the tourist trade; and hired a Swedish mining engineer in 1877 to improve the iron by reducing the silicon content.</p><br>
<p>The railway began operating in 1882, but a hurricane fanned sparks from the kilns into a fire which caused major damage to the plant. By 1885 a rebuilt plant was selling high quality iron for railroad car wheels and cruiser engines for the United States Navy. Production ceased in 1890 when the costs of diminishing supplies of charcoal became uncompetitive with large supplies of coke available to Pennsylvania producers.</p><br>
<p>The gossan deposit overlies a pyrrhotite deposit of iron sulfide ore. Assuming the depth matches the known surface area, this deposit would be among the world&#39;s largest sulfide deposits. However, the rural location and poor quality of the ore continues to make it uneconomic to mine.</p><br>
<h3>Bangor and Katahdin Iron Works Locomotives</h3><br>
<p>The Bangor and Katahdin Iron Works Railroad was leased to the Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad in 1887. Annual conversion 10,000 cords (36,000 m³) of wood to charcoal exhausted local forests by 1888. Iron with lower sulphur content became available from Michigan. Most of the smelting equipment was shipped to Nova Scotia in 1890. The Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad became the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad in 1891. The Bangor and Aroostook Railroad discontinued train service to Katahdin Iron Works in 1922; but Katahdin Iron Works postmistress Sara Green operated a flanged-wheel automobile over the abandoned tracks until the rails were removed in 1933. The state has restored the blast furnace and one of the beehive charcoal kilns; these and some of the foundations for other buildings are all that remain of the mill and village.</p><br>
<p>Records from the mill can be found at the University of Maine&#39;s Fogler Library.</p><br>
<h2>Gulf Hagas</h2><br>
<p>Gulf Hagas is a two and a half mile (4 km) long water-formed canyon. The river falls 500 ft in the canyon, including multiple waterfalls. It is sometimes called the "Grand Canyon of the East". It is an eight-mile (round trip) side trip off the 100-Mile Wilderness section of the Appalachian Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Aberjona River is a 9.3 mi, heavily urbanized river in the northwestern suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The river rises in Reading, flows roughly south through Woburn and Winchester, and empties into the Mystic Lakes. It is generally small and heavily channelized, often running through underground culverts, but is quite apparent in Winchester center where it widens into Judkins Pond and the Mill Pond. The river&#39;s 25 square mile watershed covers most of Woburn and about half of Winchester, as well as portions of the surrounding communities of Lexington, Burlington, Wilmington, Reading, Wakefield, and Stoneham.</p><br>
<p>The Aberjona River was first identified by Europeans shortly after 1631, when Captain Edward Johnson explored the area. The name Aberjona appears in the earliest colonial records, but its origins are unknown. By 1865 there were 21 tanneries and currying shops in Woburn, and by the 1870s pollution from tanneries in Woburn and Winchester was affecting both the river and the Upper Mystic Lake (then a public water supply). The Massachusetts Legislature banned the discharge of wastes into Horn Pond Brook (a tributary) in 1907 and into the Aberjona in 1911.</p><br>
<p>A 1995 study by Spliethoff and Hemond analyzed sediments of the Upper Mystic Lake with industrial records, and determined that high concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc were deposited by chemical and leather industries dating from the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>In the 1995 bestseller A Civil Action (and 1998 film starring John Travolta), a 15 acre parcel of forest, field, and marshland on the banks of the Aberjona River is recalled by witnesses as the place where workers from abutting industrial plants (owned by W.R. Grace & Co. and Beatrice Foods) dumped trichloroethylene (TCE) and other toxic chemicals into trenches, or "swimming pools", "within a few inches of the water." At one time, the Aberjona River had "run clear and full of fish."</p><br>
<p>From 1969 into the early 1980s, the Industri-plex site was developed along the river due to its proximity to the I-93 / I-95 junction. Industri-plex manufacturing plants contributed to the area&#39;s extensive contamination with chemicals used by the local paper, textile and leather industries, including lead-arsenic insecticides, acetic acid, benzene and toluene, and sulfuric acid. Industri-plex is now a "superfund" site, although substantially remediated.</p><br>
<p>Atarneus  was an ancient Greek city in the region of Aeolis, Asia Minor. It lies on the mainland opposite the island of Lesbos, northeast of the town of Dikili in modern-day Turkey.</p><br>
<p>Atarneus flowered in the 4th century BC, when it was the seat of government of Hermias of Atarneus, ruling over the area from Atarneus to Assos. The city was deserted by inhabitants in the 1st century AD, possibly following an outbreak of an unknown epidemic.</p><br>
<p>The city is known by many for its association with the life of Aristotle. After the death of his father, Aristotle was cared for and educated by Proxenus of Atarneus, possibly an uncle of his. At the Academy Aristotle made friends with Hermias, who was later to become the ruler of Atarneus. Indeed, after the death of Plato, Aristotle went to stay with Hermias, subsequently marrying Hermias&#39;s niece Pythia.</p><br>
